Network with a Fast-Switching Optical Core Providing Widely Varying Flow-rate Allocations

ABSTRACT

Multiple switch planes, each having meshed bufferless switch units, connect source nodes to sink nodes to form a communications network. Each directed pair of source and sink nodes has a first-order path traversing a single switch unit in a corresponding switch plane and multiple second-order paths each traversing two switch units in one of the remaining switch planes. To reduce processing effort and minimize requisite switching hardware, connectivity patterns of source nodes and sink nodes to the switch planes are selected so that each pair of source node and sink node connects only once to a common switch unit. Widely-varying flow rates may be allocated from each source node to the sink nodes. To handle frequent changes of flow-rate allocations, in order to follow variations of traffic distribution, a high-throughput scheduling system employing coordinated multiple scheduler units is provided in each switch plane.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/951,349 filed Dec. 6, 2007.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a high-capacity network employing fast-switching optical core nodes.

BACKGROUND

Present wide-coverage networks are generally multi-hop networks of large diameter where a path may traverse several core nodes from one edge node to another. Such networks employ switching nodes of moderate dimensions and have performance challenges. In particular, a multi-hop packet-switching network suffers from cumulative performance degradation as a path from source to destination traverses numerous router-switches. In order to facilitate the introduction of envisaged broadband services, it is of paramount importance that the network diameter be reduced. It is highly desirable that a path from one edge node to another traverse only one core node. It is also desirable, given the dominance of fiber-optic transport, that modulated optical carrier signals received at a core node be switched towards its destination edge node without the need for extracting the baseband signals for switching in the electronic domain followed by modulating optical carriers.

The Need for a New Network Structure

The Internet was designed to route individual packets from a source to a sink where each packet carries an identifier of its sink and, preferably, an identifier of its source. The packets are handled by devices called routers. The function of a router is to identify the sink of each packet it receives and to select a subsequent router to which it forwards a packet en route to destination.

A router has input ports for receiving packets from subtending sources and output ports for forwarding packets to subsequent routers towards destination. The number of input ports and output ports define a “dimension” of a router. A router has a switching fabric for directing incoming packets to respective output ports. The capacity of a router is determined by the capacity of the switching fabric which, in turn, limits the collective capacities of the input ports and output ports of the router. A router also has a processing system, which may include several processing units, to parse incoming packets, determine their destinations, and select an output port for each packet using a forwarding table. The number of packets per second that can be handled by the processing system determines the “throughput” of the router. Conventional routers were generally of low dimension, low capacity, and low throughput. The low capacity was dictated by the size and speed limitations of electronic devices. The low throughput was dictated by the processing limitations, considering the complex Internet addressing scheme which requires a tedious process of deciphering the destination or source address of each packet. The low dimension is a direct consequence of both the low capacity and low throughput. With routers of small dimensions, the network “diameter” can be significantly large. The diameter of a network is a measure of the traffic-weighted mean number of switching nodes (such as routers) traversed by a packet from source to destination. It is well known that the diameter of a network significantly affects the cost and, more importantly, the performance of the network.

The structure of any network is significantly influenced by the capabilities of its building blocks and the method of routing data from sources to sinks through the network is significantly influenced by the network structure. The efficiency and performance of a network are decided by the network structure and the routing scheme. In particular, network performance is very sensitive to the method of routing. Packets are routed through the internet using what may appear to be a very simple hop-by-hop method where every router uses a forwarding table to direct each packet it receives to a subsequent router, selected according to a specified destination of the packet. At the subsequent router, the packet is either placed in a buffer or discarded if the buffer is full. The apparent simplicity of this primitive routing method actually leads to a very complex overall control scheme, very low network efficiency, and poor performance in terms of data loss and delay jitter.

Several attempts have been made to overcome the deficiencies of the Internet. However, instead of addressing the main problem, which is the infrastructure, performance issues were handled by introducing complex protocols. Complex protocols, in turn, resulted in complex routers. The result is a complex network that cannot realize the vision of an omni-present multi-grained high-performance network. Such a network is now badly needed to revive the telecommunications industry and spur economic growth.

Eventually, change has to happen to enhance the Internet, or better yet, create an entirely new Global network of high quality and broadband capability. The change would be motivated—at least in part—by significant advances in access technology in both wireless and wireline media. The high access capacity would call for a tidy high-capacity wireline network core which is currently unavailable.

There is a need, therefore, for a high-capacity network of small diameter that employs fast-switching optical core nodes. Steps toward creating a high-capacity network of small diameter are described in the following:

-   (1) U.S. Pat. No. 6,486,983, “Agile Optical-core Distributed Packet     Switch”; -   (2) U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,872, “Self-configuring distributed switch”; -   (3) U.S. Pat. No. 6,876,649, “High-Capacity WDM-TDM Packet Switch”; -   (4) U.S. Pat. No. 6,882,799, Apr. 19, 2005, “Multi-grained network”; -   (5) U.S. Pat. No. 6,920,131, “Global Distributed Switch”; -   (6) United States Patent Number 2006/0126,996, “Balanced Bufferless     Switch”; and -   (7) EP1087635B1, “High-Capacity WDM-TDM Packet Switch”.

SUMMARY

A main objective of the present invention is to provide a network that scales gracefully to a high capacity and enables multi-granular services of widely varying flow rates while employing fewer network elements.

The present invention provides a network comprising a plurality of independent fast-switching optical switch planes and a plurality of edge nodes. A path between two edge nodes need not traverse more than one switch plane, thus greatly simplifying routing and control. Communications from an edge node to another may use multiple paths, each path traversing one of the switch planes. Each switch plane may be configured in a mesh structure of optical switch units and has at least one dual channel from each edge node.

In accordance with one aspect, the present invention provides a communications network having switch units arranged in a number of switch planes, each switch plane having a set of switch units interconnected in a full mesh. The set of switch units of each switch plane connects to all source nodes and all sink nodes in the network according to a connectivity pattern which ensures that each pair of source node and sink node connects only once to a same switch unit among said plurality of switch units.

A switch-plane controller is provided in each switch plane. The switch-plane controller of an individual switch plane is coupled to all switch units of the same switch plane. To simplify network control and flow-rate allocation for each source-sink node pair, each source node has a dedicated upstream time-limited control path specific to the switch-plane controller of each switch plane. The switch-plane controller of each switch plane has a dedicated downstream time-limited control path to each sink node in the network. Each upstream dedicated control path traverses only one switch unit and each downstream time-limited path traverses only one switch unit, thus simplifying communication of control signals from the source nodes to the switch units and from the switch units to the sink nodes. Preferably, a dedicated upstream time-limited path, or a dedicated downstream time-limited path, is set during at least one dedicated time slot in a predefined time frame.

To provide the capability of allocating widely varying flow-rates in a large-scale network, the switch-plane controller of each switch plane is equipped with several scheduler units with each scheduler unit coupled to a respective switch unit. Due to the asymmetrical upstream connectivity of source nodes to switch planes and downstream connectivity of the switch planes to the sink nodes, a schedules distributor specific to each switch plane is employed for transferring outputs of each scheduler units to source nodes which initiated requests for scheduling flow-rate allocations.

Each schedules distributor is configured to receive from each scheduler unit schedules destined for respective source nodes and cyclically distribute the schedules to respective switch units which, in turn, transfer each schedule to a sink node coupled to a source node which initiated a respective request.

A source node may use a memory device for storing a routing array each entry of which corresponding to a specific sink node and indicating an identifier of a preferred switch plane for connecting the source node to the specific sink node.

In accordance with another aspect, the present invention provides a communications network having source nodes, sink nodes, and switch units arranged in multiple switch planes where each switch plane is configured as a set of switch units interconnected in a full mesh structure. Each sink node connects to a switch unit in each switch plane and each source node connects to a specific switch unit in each switch plane, where the specific switch unit is selected so that each source node has one first-order path to each sink node and a number, equal to a number of the switch planes minus one, of second-order paths to each sink node. A first-order path traverses only one switch unit and a second-order path traversing two switch units of a same switch plane. A set of source nodes connecting to any switch unit is orthogonal to a set of switch units connecting to any other switch unit in the entire network.

In accordance with a further aspect, the present invention provides a communications network having switch units arranged in multiple switch planes where each switch plane is configured as a set of switch units interconnected in a full mesh structure. A switch-plane controller is coupled to each switch unit within the switch plane. Each source node in the network has a dedicated upstream time-limited control path to the switch-plane controller and the switch-plane controller has a dedicated downstream time-limited control path to each sink node in the network.

Source nodes, each receiving data from respective data sources, are arranged into multiple source formations where each source formation covers disjoint source sets. Sink nodes, each transmitting data to respective data sinks, are arranged into one sink formation covering disjoint sink sets with each sink set connecting to one switch unit in each switch plane.

The source sets of each source formation connect to switch units of a same switch plane. The connectivity of the network's source nodes to the switch planes is devised to ensure that each source set in any source formation is orthogonal to each source set in each other source formation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying exemplary drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a network according to an embodiment of the present invention comprising edge nodes interconnected through bufferless, modular, low-latency switch planes of large dimension with each switch plane being fully-connected but not necessarily fully agile;

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary centralized switch plane, in the network of FIG. 1, comprising collocated non-blocking switch units configured in a mesh structure for use in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates input and output ports in a switch unit;

FIG. 4 illustrates dual wavelength routers for directing individual wavelength channels of wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) links from edge nodes to separate optical-switch planes in the network of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary arrangement of edge nodes and switch units in the network of FIG. 1 for use in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates asymmetrical upstream connectivity and downstream connectivity of the edge nodes to the switch units of FIG. 5 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates a further exemplary upstream connectivity arrangement of edge nodes to switch units in five switch planes in a network comprising five switch planes each switch plane having five switch units according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates further exemplary downstream connectivity arrangement of switch units to edge nodes in five switch planes in the network considered in FIG. 7 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates symmetrical upstream and downstream connection of channels from edge nodes to switch units of a switch plane of a network where orthogonal sets of edge nodes connect to the switch units in both the upstream and downstream directions;

FIG. 10 illustrates scattered upstream or downstream channel connections to switch units in an exemplary network using switch planes of the type illustrated in FIG. 2 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 illustrates preferred an arrangement asymmetrical connections of upstream and downstream channels in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 illustrates scattered upstream or downstream channel connections to switch units in a network with the connection pattern of FIG. 11 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 further illustrates connectivity in the arrangement of FIG. 11;

FIG. 14 illustrates a further exemplary asymmetrical connectivity arrangement where orthogonal edge-node sets connect to switch units in the upstream direction only;

FIG. 15 illustrates generic grouping of edge nodes in the network of FIG. 1 into orthogonal sets according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 16 illustrates generic grouping of edge nodes in the network of FIG. 1 into non-intersecting sets for use in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 17 and FIG. 18 illustrate an arrangement for edge-node grouping into orthogonal sets according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 19 and FIG. 20 provide an alternate view of the arrangement of FIGS. 17 and 18;

FIG. 21 illustrates orthogonal sets of edge nodes intersecting in one edge node;

FIG. 22 and FIG. 23 illustrate spectral content at input and output of wavelength routers connecting edge nodes to wavelength demultiplexers according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 24 illustrate wavelength assignments based on the connectivity pattern of FIG. 11 realized using the wavelength routers of FIGS. 22 and 23;

FIGS. 25-29 illustrate a connectivity arrangement of wavelength demultiplexers to switch units of switch planes according to the exemplary connectivity arrangement of FIG. 11 implemented using the wavelength routers of FIGS. 22 and 23;

FIG. 30 and FIG. 31 illustrate spectral content at input and output of an alternate set of wavelength routers connecting edge nodes to wavelength demultiplexers according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 32 illustrates a network based on the exemplary connectivity arrangement of FIG. 7 comprising centralized switch planes with symmetrical connectivity in the upstream and downstream directions;

FIG. 33 illustrates a network based on the exemplary connectivity arrangement of FIG. 11 comprising centralized switch planes with asymmetrical inlet and outlet connectivity to edge nodes, the figure indicating only upstream connections;

FIG. 34 illustrates the downstream connectivity of the network of FIG. 33;

FIG. 35 illustrates placement of a switch-plane controller in the exemplary switch plane of FIG. 2;

FIG. 36 illustrates a control system for the exemplary centralized switch plane of FIG. 2 comprising a switch-plane controller and a plurality of switch-unit configuration controllers;

FIG. 37 illustrates allocation of control time slots in the switch plane of FIG. 2 for communication with the controller of FIG. 36 through a single control channel;

FIG. 38 illustrates allocation of control time slots in the switch plane of FIG. 2 for communication with the controller of FIG. 35 through two control channels;

FIG. 39 illustrates a network with collocated switch planes according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 40 illustrates an exemplary distributed switch plane comprising non-blocking switch units configured in a mesh structure where the switch units of the switch plane are geographically distributed and a timing-scheduling unit precedes each inward port of each switch unit according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 41 illustrates a control system for the exemplary distributed switch plane of FIG. 40 comprising a switch-unit controller associated with a switch unit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 42 illustrates a network comprising switch planes having distributed switch units;

FIG. 43 illustrates data structures maintained by a switch-plane controller for facilitating connection setup and control in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 44 illustrates exemplary control signals;

FIG. 45 illustrates a vacancy-state matrix for tracking the number of vacant time slots per outlet port of switch-plane in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 46 illustrates vacancy-state matrices associated with each switch unit in a switch-plane for use in time-slot-matching processes in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 47 illustrates a matrix of orthogonal source-node sets where sets of each row are mutually disjoint and sets of each column are mutually disjoint, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 48 illustrates identifiers of source nodes and sink nodes for use in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 49 illustrates switch units arranged into five switch planes for use in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 50 illustrates an exemplary connectivity matrix, similar to the matrix of FIG. 11, of orthogonal source sets, with disjoint source sets connecting to a same switch plane and disjoint source sets connecting to specific switch units of different switch planes, together with sink sets, where sink sets connecting to a same switch plane are disjoint and sink sets connecting to specific switch units in different switch planes are identical, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 51 illustrates an alternative connectivity matrix, similar to the matrix of FIG. 50, of orthogonal source sets, with disjoint source sets connecting to a same switch planes and disjoint source sets connecting to specific switch units of different switch planes, together with sink sets, where sink sets connecting to a same switch plane are disjoint and sink sets connecting to specific switch units in different switch planes are identical, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 52 illustrates a first-order connectivity matrix indicating, for each directed source-sink node pair an identifier of a switch plane where the source-sink node pair connect through a common switch unit, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 53 illustrates connectivity of source nodes to switch units for different switch planes, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 54 illustrates connectivity of switch units of different switch planes to sink nodes, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 55, derived from FIG. 53, illustrates connectivity of source nodes to likewise-indexed switch units within different switch planes;

FIG. 56, derived from FIG. 54, illustrates connectivity of likewise-indexed switch units within different switch planes to sink nodes;

FIG. 57 illustrates asymmetrical connectivity of source sets and sink sets to switch units of a selected switch plane, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 58 illustrates connectivity of selected source sets and sink sets based on the connectivity of FIG. 50, indicating that each source node has a first-order path to each sink node, for use in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 59 illustrates a switch plane having seven switch units interconnected in a full mesh structure and a switch-plane controller coupled to each switch unit of the switch plane, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 60 illustrates a switch unit similar to the switch unit of FIG. 3 where one of the output ports is dedicated for transferring control data received at inlet ports to a switch-plane controller and one of the input ports is dedicated for receiving control data from the switch-plane controller for transfer to outlet ports, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 61 illustrates connectivity of the switch-plane controller of the switch plane of FIG. 59 to switch units, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 62 illustrates dedicated control time slots in upstream channels from source nodes to a switch plane and dedicated control time slots in control channels connecting the switch units to the switch-plane controller of FIG. 59, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 63 illustrates partitioning of occupancy-state data of ports of switch units of a switch plane, indicating data used during a first scheduling interval of a scheduling cycle, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 64 illustrates data used during a second scheduling interval of a scheduling cycle, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 65 illustrates a scheduling system, within a switch-plane controller, employing multiple scheduler units and a schedule distributor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 66 illustrates upstream and downstream connectivity patterns of switch units of a selected switch plane for use in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 67 illustrates a distributor of the scheduling system of FIG. 65, using the connectivity patterns of FIG. 66, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 68 and FIG. 69 illustrate operation of a distributor during different scheduling phases of a scheduling cycle, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 70 illustrates a scheduling unit in the scheduling system of FIG. 65;

FIG. 71 details a partition of occupancy-state data of inlet ports of a selected switch unit, a partition of occupancy-state data of outward ports of a selected switch unit, and a partition of occupancy-state data of all outlet ports of a switch plane during time-slots of a selected scheduling phase, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 72 illustrates allocation of first-order paths from inlets of a switch unit to outlets of the same switch unit, using the partitioned occupancy-state data of FIG. 63, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 73 illustrates allocation of second-order paths from inlets of a switch unit of a selected switch plane to outlets of another switch unit within the same switch plane, using the partitioned occupancy-state data of FIG. 63, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 74 illustrates allocation of second-order paths from inlets of a switch unit of a selected switch plane to outlets of another switch unit within the same switch plane, using the partitioned occupancy-state data of FIG. 63 where occupancy-state data of each inlet of a switch unit occupies multiple words in a first memory device, outward-occupancy-state data of each outward port of the switch unit occupies multiple words in a second memory device, and occupancy-state data of each outlet of the selected switch plane during a scheduling interval occupies one word in a third memory device, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Terminology

Switch unit: A switch unit is the basic building block of a core switching node. The switch unit used in the present invention has multiple input ports and multiple output ports. By definition, a switch unit is internally non-blocking, thus guaranteeing an internal path from any unoccupied input port to any unoccupied output port. Switch dimension: The dimension of a switching-routing device is determined as the larger of the number of input ports and the number of output ports. Switch plane: A switch plane comprises at least one switch unit. Multiple switch units may be interconnected to form a switch plane of a larger dimension. The switch units of a switch plane may be collocated or geographically distributed. Mirrored switch planes: Two switch planes having the same number of identical switch units and the same interconnection pattern of switch units are said to be mirrors of each other. A switch unit in one of the switch planes and a counterpart switch unit in the other switch plane may have similar identifiers relative to their respective switch planes. Fully-connected switch: A fully-connected switch has a plurality of input ports and a plurality of output ports and provides at least one path from each input port to each output port. Source node: A source node switches signals received from a respective set of subtending data sources to at least one switch plane. Sink Node: A sink node switches signals received from at least one switch plane to a respective set of subtending data sinks. Edge node: A source node may be paired with a sink node to form an edge node. Thus, an edge node functions as a source node (source edge node) and a sink node (sink edge node). Typically, data sources and data sinks are also paired into terminals each terminal functioning as a data source and a data sink. An edge node may support a set of data sources and a set of data sinks which may be paired into a set of terminals. Source set: A set of source nodes is referenced as a “source set”. A source set comprises different source nodes. Sink set: A set of sink nodes is referenced as a “sink set”. A sink set comprises different sink nodes. Disjoint source sets: A number of source sets are said to be disjoint if none of the source sets has a source node that belongs to any of the other source sets. Disjoint sink sets: A number of sink sets are said to be disjoint if none of the sink sets has a sink node that belongs to any of the other source sets. Combination of source sets: The source nodes of a network may be arranged in numerous combinations. If each combination has a same number of source nodes and if the number of source nodes in the network exceeds double the number of source nodes per combination, the combinations include disjoint source sets and source sets which intersect in at least one source node, i.e., have at least one source node in common. Orthogonal source sets: Any two source sets are said to be orthogonal if the two source sets intersect in a number of source nodes not exceeding a predefined orthogonality threshold. The minimum orthogonality threshold is 1. Thus, any two disjoint source sets are also orthogonal. Preferably, the orthogonality threshold is selected to equal 1. However, when the number of source nodes per source set is sufficiently large, the orthogonality threshold may be permitted to exceed 1. For example, with a number of source nodes per source set exceeding 100, an orthogonality threshold of 4 may be adequate for realizing the objective of the present invention. Source formation: A source formation includes disjoint source sets. The source nodes of source sets of a source formation encompass all of the source nodes of a network under consideration. Multiple source formations may be created to be connected to different switch planes. Sink formation: A sink formation includes disjoint sink sets. The sink nodes of sink sets of a sink formation encompass all of the sink nodes of a network under consideration. Multiple sink formation may be created. However, to simplify addressing and routing, it is preferable that only one sink formation be created and applied to all switch planes. Flow-rate allocation: A flow-rate allocation is a permissible flow rate from a source node to a sink node which may be modified frequently to follow traffic-pattern variations. First-order path: A first-order path traverses a single switch unit in a switch plane. First-order connection: A first-order connection uses a portion of the flow-rate allocated to a first-order path, or the entire flow-rate allocation. Second-order path: A second-order path traverses two switch units in a switch plane. Second-order connection: A second-order connection uses a portion of the flow-rate allocated to a second-order path, or the entire flow-rate allocation. Order of a matching process: A first-order matching process, for a connection requesting a single time slot or multiple time slots, requires each time slot to be free in two corresponding ports. A second-order matching process, for a connection requesting a single time slot or multiple time slots, requires each time slot to be free in three corresponding ports (i.e., along two channels). A third-order matching process, requesting a single time slot or multiple time slots, requires each time slot to be free in four corresponding ports (i.e., along three channels). Fully-agile Switch: A fully-agile switch (also called a complete switch) is a fully-connected switch capable of allocating paths from any set of input ports to any set of output ports, where the combined capacity of the paths equals the lesser of the combined capacity of the set of input ports and the combined capacity of the set of output ports. Thus, a fully-agile switch can accommodate any spatial variation of incoming traffic loads; however internal blocking may take place under certain traffic conditions. A full-mesh interconnection of bufferless switch units functions as a fully-agile switch if a complex third-order matching process is used. Non-blocking switch: A non-blocking switch is a fully-agile switch with no internal blocking under any traffic condition. Fully-connected switch plane: A fully-connected switch plane has a path from each switch unit to each other switch unit. Fully-agile Switch plane: A fully-agile switch plane (also called a complete switch plane) is a fully-connected switch plane capable of allocating sufficient paths to transfer data between switch units regardless of the spatial distribution of traffic. Collocated switch units: Two or more switch units are said to be collocated if the propagation delay from each switch unit to each other switch unit is negligibly small or if the propagation delays for all switch-unit pairs can be equalized. Source node: A source node switches signals received from a respective set of subtending data sources to at least one switch plane. Sink Node: A sink node switches signals received from at least one switch plane to a respective set of subtending data sinks. Edge node: A source node may be paired with a sink node to form an edge node. Thus, an edge node functions as a source node (source edge node) and a sink node (sink edge node). Typically, data sources and data sinks are also paired into terminals each terminal functioning as a data source and a data sink. An edge node may support a set of data sources and a set of data sinks which may be paired into a set of terminals. Outer port: An outer port of a switch plane, or any of its constituent switch units, is an input port (inlet port) that receives signals from an external source or an output port (outlet port) that transmits signals to an external sink. Inner port: An inner port of a switch unit in a switch plane that comprises multiple interconnected switch units is an input port (inward port) that has a channel from another switch unit of the same switch plane, or an output port (outward port) that has a channel to another switch unit of the same switch plane. Inlet port: An input port of a switch plane is identified as an ‘inlet port’. If the switch plane comprises multiple switch units, then an outer input port of a switch unit is also termed an “inlet port”. Outlet Port: An output port of a switch plane is identified as an ‘outlet port’. If the switch plane comprises multiple switch units, then an outer output port of a switch unit is also termed an “outlet port”. Inward Port: An inner input port of a switch unit within a switch plane that comprises multiple interconnected switch units is called an inward port. Outward Port: An inner output port of a switch unit within a switch plane that comprises multiple interconnected switch units is called an outward port. Inlet Channel: A communications channel (e.g., a wavelength channel) from an external source to an inlet port of a switch plane is termed an ‘inlet channel”. Outlet Channel: A communications channel from an outlet port of a switch plane to an external sink is termed an “outlet channel”. Dual port: An input port and an output port may be paired to form a dual port. The input port and output port of a dual port may share resources, such as memory and processors. Dual channel: A dual channel comprises two channels of opposite transmission directions. Upstream direction: The direction from an edge node to a core node (switch unit) is called an upstream direction. Downstream direction: The direction from a core node (switch unit) to an edge node is called a downstream direction. Network coverage: The number of edge nodes that can be supported by the network defines the network's coverage. Network capacity: The lesser of the total capacity of ingress ports of all edge nodes and the total capacity of egress ports of all edge nodes define the network's capacity. Wavelength router: A wavelength router is a device connecting a plurality of wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) input links to a plurality of WDM output links where each WDM output link includes a wavelength channel from each WDM input link. Data stream: A data stream represents data from a subset of data sources of a single source node destined to a subset of data sinks of a single sink node. A source node and a sink node define a source-sink pair. The flow rate of a data stream may vary significantly both temporally and spatially for different source-sink pairs. The flow rate may be zero for a large proportion of source-sink pairs, and may exceed the capacity of a single wavelength channel (typically 10 Gb/s) for other source-sink pairs. Each source node periodically determines the flow rate of a data stream to each sink node. Preferably, a data stream of a flow rate exceeding a predefined threshold, which may be an order of magnitude larger than the capacity of a wavelength channel, is divided into multiple data streams. However, the division of a data stream is performed under the constraint that data from a single data source destined to a single data sink belongs to a single data stream. A data stream is routed through a selected switch plane and an appropriate number of time slots per time frame is scheduled for the data stream through the selected switch plane. Inlet-outlet pair: An inlet port of a switch unit and an outlet port of the same switch unit define a neighboring inlet-outlet pair. An inlet port of a switch unit in a switch plane and an outlet port of a different switch unit in the same switch plane define an ordinary inlet-outlet pair. The term inlet-outlet pair is used herein when a distinction between a neighboring inlet-outlet pair and an ordinary inlet-outlet pair is not necessary. A switch plane is reconfigured to adapt the number of time slots, per time frame, allocated to each ordinary inlet-outlet pair as traffic patterns change. With the connectivity arrangements illustrated in FIGS. 5-14, a source edge node may connect to a sink edge node through a neighboring inlet-outlet pair in one of the switch planes. The edge controllers preferably select routes which traverse neighboring inlet-outlet pairs in order to maximize the proportion of traffic switched through a single switch unit. └X┘ notation: └X┘ is the integer part of real number X; └4.2┘=4 Modulo operation: J_(modulo K), where J and K are integers, is a remainder of J with respect to K, defined as J_(modulo K)=J−K×└J/K┘; 16_(modulo 4)=0, 2_(modulo4)=2, and 18_(modulo4)=2.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

Multiple elements having similar structures or functions may be collectively or individually given a same reference numeral. Where necessary, the elements may be individually identified using a suffix of one or more indices. For example, the reference numeral 120 refers to switch planes and the reference numeral 240 refers to switch units. To distinguish two switch units in different positions in different switch planes, it may be necessary to add a switch-plane index “p” and a position index “k” so that an individual switch plane is referenced as 120(p) and an individual switch unit is referenced as 240(k, p).

-   100: A network having core switch planes each comprising     fast-switching optical switch units -   110: Network core comprising ┌>1 parallel switch planes 120 -   120: Switch planes in network core 110 (individually or     collectively); further individually identified—where necessary—as     120(p), 0≦p<Π -   141: Individual upstream channel connecting an edge node 160,     directly or through a wavelength router, to network core 110 -   142: Individual downstream channel connecting network core 110,     directly or through a wavelength router, to an edge node 160 -   150: Group of dual channels -   160: Edge nodes in network 100 (individually or collectively),     optionally arranged in G>2 groups each group comprising at most Q>0     edge nodes; an edge node may further be identified individually as     160(j, γ), 0≦j<Q, 0≦γ<G -   240: Switch unit in switch plane 120 (individually or collectively),     a switch plane 120(p) comprises G>2 switch units 240; a switch unit     may be individually identified as 240(k,p), 0≦k<G, 0≦p<Π -   251: Outward channel from an outward port of a switch unit 240 to an     inward port of another switch unit 240; an outward channel     connecting a switch unit 240(x, p) to switch unit 240(y, p) may be     further identified as 251(x, y) -   252: Inward channel to an inward port of a switch unit 240 from an     outward port of another switch unit 240—an outward channel 251 from     a switch unit 240 is an inward channel 252 to another switch unit     240 -   322: Inlet port of a switch unit 240 -   324: Inward port of a switch unit 240 -   326: Outlet port of a switch unit 240 -   328: Outward port of a switch unit 240 -   384: Configuration controller (a slave controller) of a switch     fabric of switch unit 240 -   425: Wavelength routers, individually identified as 425(γ), 0≦γ<G,     each connecting a group γ, from among G>1 groups of edge nodes 160,     to switch planes 120 -   440: An upstream link having multiple upstream channels 141     connecting an edge node 160 to wavelength router 425 -   450: A downstream link having multiple downstream channels 142     connecting a wavelength router 425 to an edge node 160 -   460: An upstream link having multiple wavelength channels connecting     wavelength router 425 to a switch plane 120 -   470: A downstream link having multiple wavelength channels     connecting wavelength router 425 to a switch plane 120 -   620: Array representing connectivity of a switch unit 240 -   622: Internal path within a switch unit 240 -   625: Direct path in a switch plane 120 -   630: An entry in array 620 identifying an edge node connecting to an     inlet port of a switch unit 240 -   640: An entry in array 620 identifying an edge node connecting to an     outlet port of a switch unit 240 -   900: Table indicating connectivity of switch units 240 in five     switch planes 120 -   912: Identifier of an edge node 160 originating an upstream channel -   914: Identifier of an edge node 160 terminating a downstream channel -   1512: A node in a network having a plurality of nodes -   1516: A set of nodes 1512 within the plurality of nodes; a set 1516     may intersect another set 1516, i.e., the two sets 1516 have a     common node 1512 -   1616: A set of nodes 1512, a set 1616 does not intersect any other     set 1616, i.e., none of the nodes 1512 in a set 1616 is a member of     another set 1616 -   1720: A set of source nodes (or edge nodes) connecting to a switch     unit 240(k,p) in switch plane 120(p), 0≦p<Π -   1920: Edge-node group 1920 corresponding to switch-unit 240(k,p),     0≦k<G, 0≦p<Π -   2120: Orthogonal source-node sets, 2120(k), connecting to switch     units 240(k, p), 0≦k<G, 0≦p<Π -   2400: Table indicating wavelength channels bands at the output of     the wavelength routers connecting edge nodes to switch planes -   2410: Identifier of a spectral band defining a wavelength channel -   2412: Identifier of an edge node having an upstream channel to a     switch unit 240(k,p) of a switch plane 120(p) -   2414: Identifier of an edge node having an downstream channel from     switch unit 240(k,p) of a switch plane 120(p) -   2420: A row in table 2400 corresponding to a set of edge nodes 160     connecting to different switch units 240 in a switch plane 120 -   2540: Wavelength demultiplexers (also 2640, 2740, 2840, and 2940) -   3025: Wavelength router having five input links and five output     links -   3200: A network of the type of network 100 comprising 20 edge nodes     160, five switch planes 120, five primary wavelength routers 3220     and five secondary wavelength routers 3240 -   3220: A primary wavelength router in network 3200 -   3240: A secondary wavelength router in network 3200 -   3320: An upstream wavelength router -   3340: An array of wavelength demultiplexers -   3420: A downstream wavelength router -   3440: An array of wavelength multiplexers -   3580: Switch-plane controller connecting to at least one switch unit     240 -   3588: A channel, connecting a switch unit 240 to switch-plane     controller 3580, carrying time-multiplexed control signals received     from edge nodes 160 -   3589: A channel, connecting switch-plane controller 3580 to a switch     unit 240, carrying time-multiplexed control signals from the     switch-plane controller 3580 to edge nodes 160 -   3620: Dedicated links from a switch-plane controller 3580 to     configuration controllers (slave controllers) 384 of switch units     240 of a centralized switch plane 120 -   3682: time-locking circuitry associated with switch-plane controller     3580 -   3686: an optical-electrical-optical conversion unit associated with     a dual control channel connecting a switch unit 240 to a     switch-plane controller 3580 -   3700: predefined slotted time frame -   3720: time slot in time-frame 3700 permanently reserved for control     signals -   3730: time slot in time-frame 3700 adaptively allocated to payload     signals -   3985: A controller of two or more switch planes 120 -   3988: A dual channel from controller 3985 to a switch unit 240 -   4020: a switch plane similar to switch plane 120 but having switch     units 240 that are geographically distributed over a wide geographic     area -   4045: a retiming-rescheduling unit associated with each inward port     of each switch unit 240 in switch plane 4020 -   4051: Channel connecting an outward port of a switch unit 240 to a     retiming-rescheduling unit associated with an inward port of another     switch unit 240 -   4090: switch-unit controller associated with each switch unit 240 in     distributed switch plane 4020 -   4182: Temporal multiplexer -   4183: Temporal demultiplexer -   4225: A primary wavelength router connecting a group of edge nodes     160 to network core -   4235: A multiplexer-demultiplexer connecting primary wavelength     routers 4225 to switch units 240 of a network's core -   4312: An array having a number of cells equal to the number ν of     time slots per time frame, each cell storing an identifier (j,γ) of     a source edge node 160(j,γ) which transmits control signals to the     switch-plane controller 3580 during a corresponding reserved time     slot -   4314: A cell in array 4312 -   4316: An array having a number of cells equal to the number ν of     time slots per time frame, each cell storing an identifier (x,y) of     an inlet port 322 of a switch unit 240 to which source edge node     160(j,γ) connects, where x is a relative inlet-port number, 0≦x<Q,     of a switch unit 240(y,p), 0≦y<G -   4318: A cell in array 4316 -   4350: Cyclical time frame organized into a number ν of time slot -   4370: A matrix associating each outlet port in a switch plane with a     control time slot -   4375: An entry in matrix 4370 indicating a downstream control time     slot -   4480: An upstream control signal -   4481: A first field in control signal 4480 indicating a purpose     (type) of the signal -   4482: A second field in control signal 4480 identifying a     destination edge node in a connection request -   4483: A third field in control signal 4480 indicating a number of     time slots per time frame required for a connection -   4484: A fourth field in control signal 4480 containing an indication     of a time at which the control signal has been sent from the     respective edge node -   4485: A fifth field in control signal 4480 containing a cyclic     connection number provided by the switch-plane controller 3580 -   4486: A sixth field in control signal 4480 containing an identifier     of a terminal within a local access network connected to the     destination edge node identified in field 4482 -   4520: A vacancy-state matrix storing a number of vacant time slots     in a time frame per outlet port of switch-plane 120 -   4540: An entry in matrix 4520 -   4612: A vacancy-state matrix having a number of column equal to the     number of inlet ports of a switch unit 240 and a number of rows     equal to the number of time slots per time frame -   4614: A vacancy-state matrix having a number of column equal to the     number of outlet ports of a switch unit 240 and a number of rows     equal to the number of time slots per time frame -   4616: A vacancy-state matrix having a number of column equal to the     number of switch units 240 per switch plane 120, minus one, and a     number of rows equal to the number of time slots per time frame -   4622: Header of matrix 4612 -   4624: Header of matrix 4614 -   4626: Header of matrix 4616 -   4632: Entry in matrix 4612 indicating free/busy state of an inlet     port of a switch unit 240 during a time slot -   4634: Entry in matrix 4614 indicating free/busy state of an outlet     port of a switch unit 240 during a time slot -   4636: Entry in matrix 4612 indicating free/busy state of an inner     channel connecting an outward port of a switch unit 240 to an inward     port of another switch unit 240 during a time slot -   4710: Source-node sets (source sets) connecting to a switch unit -   4720: Source-node sets (source sets) connecting to switch units of a     specific switch plane -   4740: Source-node sets (source sets) connecting to switch units of     different switch planes but having a same index within each switch     plane -   4860: Source nodes of network 100 -   4862: Sink nodes of network 100 -   5230: identifier of a preferred switch plane for a directed     source-sink node pair -   5300: Exemplary upstream connectivity of source nodes to switch     units in different switch planes -   5320: Source nodes connecting to switch units of a same switch plane -   5400: Exemplary downstream connectivity of switch units of different     switch planes to sink nodes -   5420: Sink nodes connecting to switch units of a same switch plane -   5500: Exemplary upstream connectivity of source nodes to     likewise-indexed switch units within different switch planes -   5520: Source nodes connecting to switch units of a same index k in     all switch planes -   5600: Exemplary downstream connectivity of likewise-indexed switch     units within different switch planes to sink nodes -   5620: Sink nodes connecting to switch units of a same index k in all     switch planes -   5940: Switch unit in an exemplary switch plane -   5941: An upstream control channel carrying control signals from     source nodes of a switch unit 5940 to a switch-plane controller -   5942: A downstream control channel carrying control signals from a     switch-plane controller to sink nodes of a switch unit 5940. -   5950: Dual channel connecting two switch units 5940 -   5980: A switch-plane controller -   5982: Time-locking circuitry 5982 coupled to switch-plane controller     5980 -   6012: A demultiplexer separating flow-rate allocation schedules from     corresponding configuration data -   6022: Inlet ports (also referenced as “inlets”) of a switch unit     5940 -   6024: Inward ports of a switch unit 5940 -   6026: Outlet ports (also referenced as “outlets”) of a switch unit     5940 -   6028: Outward ports of a switch unit 5940 -   6030: Input port of a switch unit 5940 receiving control signals     from switch-plane controller 5980 -   6032: Output port of a switch unit 5940 sending control signals from     switch-plane controller 5980 -   6041: An optical-to-electrical (O/E) conversion unit succeeding     output port 6032 -   6042: An electrical to optical (E/O) conversion unit preceding input     port 6030 -   6051: An internal time-limited dedicated path transferring control     signals from an inlet 6022 to output port 6032 of switch unit 5940;     control signals from all inlets 6022 arrive consecutively at output     port 6032 -   6052: An internal time-limited dedicated path from an input port     6030 to an outlet 6026 of switch unit 5940; control signals from     input port 6030 may be consecutively distributed to all outlets 6026 -   6084: Configuration controller of a switch unit 5940; the     configuration controller is a slave controller receiving     configuration data from a switch-plane controller 5980.6241:     Upstream control time slots in upstream channels from source nodes     to a switch plane -   6210: Time frame organized into a number ν of time slots -   6251: Multiplexed upstream control signals -   6300: Organization of occupancy-state data, including inlet-state     data, outward-state data, and outlet state data, presented to     multiple scheduler units during a first phase of a scheduling cycle -   6320: Inlet-state data indicating occupancy states of all inlets of     a switch plane during each of the ν time slots -   6322: Segment of inlet-state data corresponding to a switch unit     5940 -   6330: Outward-state data indicating occupancy states of all outward     ports of the switch plane during each of the ν time slots -   6332: Segment of Outward-state data corresponding to a switch unit     5940 -   6340: Outlet-state data 6340 indicating occupancy states of all     outlets of a switch plane during each of the ν time slots -   6342: Segment of Outlet-state data corresponding to a portion of the     time frame -   6400: Organization of occupancy-state data, including inlet-state     data, outward-state data, and outlet state data, presented to     multiple scheduler units during a second phase of a scheduling cycle -   6500: Scheduling system of a switch plane -   6508: Request buffer holding flow-rate-allocation requests from     source nodes of a switch unit 5940 -   6509: Results buffer holding schedules and switch-unit configuration     data corresponding to requests of a corresponding request buffer -   6510: A scheduler unit of a scheduling system employing multiple     scheduler units, each scheduler unit corresponding to a switch unit     5940 -   6520: A storage medium holding a segment of inlet-state data and a     segment of outward-state data corresponding to a switch unit -   6530: Scheduling rotator cyclically connecting scheduler units to     segments of outlet-state data -   6540: A memory device holding a segment of outlet state data -   6550: A schedule distributer which directs a result of each     flow-allocation request to a respective sink node paired with a     source node originating the request. -   6780: Rotator connecting result buffers of a scheduling system of a     switch plane to switch units 5940 -   6810: Source-node set (source set) -   6820: Sink-node set (sink set) -   6850: Schedule distributor for an exemplary switch-plane     configuration -   7022: Inlet-state array covering an entire time frame -   7032: Outward-state array covering an entire time frame -   7042: Outlet-state record covering a portion of a time frame -   7020: A processor, or an assembly of processors, employed in a     single scheduler unit 6510 -   7032: A memory device holding processor-executable instructions for     scheduling new flow-rate allocations -   7034: Processor-executable instructions stored in memory device 7032 -   7052: Inlet-state memory -   7054: Outward-state memory (7052 and 7054 constitute storage medium     6520 -   7210: a specific inlet of a switch unit of index (0, p) -   7213: a specific inlet of a switch unit of index (3, p) -   7216: a specific inlet of a switch unit of index (6, p) -   7230: a specific outlet considered during a scheduling phase of     index 0 -   7233: a specific outlet considered during a scheduling phase of     index 3 -   7236: a specific outlet considered during a scheduling phase of     index 6 -   7310: a specific inlet of a switch unit of index (0, p) -   7313: a specific inlet of a switch unit of index (3, p) -   7316: a specific inlet of a switch unit of index (6, p) -   7320: a specific outward port of a switch unit of index (0, p) -   7323: a specific outward port of a switch unit of index (3, p) -   7326: a specific outward port of a switch unit of index (6, p) -   7330: a specific outlet considered during a scheduling phase of     index 0 -   7333: a specific outlet considered during a scheduling phase of     index 3 -   7336: a specific outlet considered during a scheduling phase of     index 6 -   7422: Inlet-state array covering an entire time frame -   7432: Outward-state array covering an entire time frame -   7442: Outlet-state record covering a portion of a time frame

Network Structure

It is well known that structural simplicity reduces network cost and improves its performance. Reducing a network's diameter significantly simplifies the network's structure. A network of a small diameter permits devising routes of a small number of hops each, thus enabling fast connection-setup and rapid rerouting.

A network of small diameter necessitates the use of core nodes of large dimension and flexible edge nodes which scale gracefully. Deployment of such edge and core nodes enables the construction of a global broadband network of virtually unlimited capacity while significantly reducing the number of hops between any two access points on the planet to an acceptable upper bound. The sought network preferably accommodates individual connections of widely varying granularities, ranging from a few kilobits per second per user to multiple gigabits per second per user in order to form the basis of an economical monolithic broadband network of global coverage.

It is well known that the mean number of hops per route decreases sharply as the dimensions of the deployed edge nodes and core nodes are increased. Recent advances in the art of switch-design enable the construction of electronic switching nodes that scale gracefully to dimensions of the order of hundreds of thousands of ports and capacities of the order of hundreds of terabits per second. Such electronic switching nodes may be used in both the edge and the core. It is desirable however that the core nodes be fast-switching optical switching nodes to avoid the complexity of optical-to-electronic and electronic-to-optical conversions. Scalable fast-switching optical core nodes facilitate construction of an efficient high-performance network of small diameter.

A Global network, or a large sector of a Global network, may be viewed as a geographically distributed switch. A switch of high capacity and large dimension is, by necessity, a distributed switch comprising switch units of moderate capacity which may be interconnected in a variety of ways. Such a switch would also have a control system that may comprise numerous processing units. When the switch interconnects sources and sinks that are distributed over a wide area, the constituent switch units need be arranged into groups, each group constituting a switching node, and the resulting switching nodes are then interconnected to form a geographically distributed switch which is traditionally called a network. Control of a geographically distributed switch, becomes more intricate, in comparison with a localized switch of comparable capacity and dimension, due to propagation delays and signal degradation. For this reason, it is of paramount importance that the structure of a geographically distributed switch (a network) be as simple as possible to facilitate control without sacrificing transport efficiency.

A known distributed switch of simple structure comprises a plurality of electronic edge nodes interconnected through optical core nodes so that a path from an edge node to another edge node traverses only one core node. Such a path is herein called a direct path. Each edge node may have several direct parallel paths to each other edge node. To provide sufficient direct paths from each edge node to each other edge node, and using core nodes of equal dimension, the number of edge nodes in the network would be limited to equal the dimension of a core node. The edge nodes and the core nodes may be distributed over a wide geographic area.

An electronic edge node is preferably based on an electronic switch fabric and may include buffers for holding input and output data. Fast switching electronic nodes which may be scalable to a very high dimension and capacity are feasible with the present state of the art. For example, an electronic switch that scales to a dimension exceeding 10,000×10,000 is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/780,557 titled “Circulating Switch”, publication number 2004-0165887, and a router-switch that scales to a much higher dimension and capacity is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/610,505 titled “Scalable Router-Switch”, Publication number 2007-0153821.

Slow optical switches, such as optical switches based on micro-electromechanical (MEM) switch elements, are moderately scalable and may be used as core nodes. However, the use of slow-switching core nodes may force a significant proportion of traffic to use multiple hops traversing intermediate edge nodes. With the present state of the art, the realizable dimension of a single-stage fast optical switch is quite limited. Fast optical switches of larger dimension may be constructed as a cascaded structure or a mesh structure of switch units of moderate dimension. However, a cascaded or meshed structure of bufferless switch units requires executing a complex temporal matching process. It is therefore highly desirable to develop a network structure that uses fast-switching optical-core nodes of large dimension while circumventing complex temporal matching processes.

Switch-Plane Structure

Using fast-switching optical switch units of dimension 64×64, for example, with n<64 inward ports and n outward ports, a full mesh of (n+1) switch units each having (64−n) dual outer ports (a dual outer port includes an inlet port and an outlet port). The dimension of the switch plane is then (n+1)×(64−n). With n=32 for example, the dimension of the switch plane would be 33×32=1056. With port capacity of 10 Gb/s in each direction (input or output), the total access capacity (outer capacity) per switch plane would be 10.56 Tb/s (terabits per second).

In a network of full-mesh structure, a basic internal expansion of 2:1 (where the number of inner ports is double the number of outer ports) would be required to account for the use of two-link paths from one switch unit to another under extreme spatial traffic-imbalance conditions. This expansion does not account for negative effect of internal mismatch blocking due to misalignment of vacant time slots. However, with the use of well-known techniques of time-slot occupancy-packing, a relatively small additional expansion may result in reducing or eliminating mismatch blocking. For example, an expansion of the order of 2.1:1 may be adequate in a full-mesh structure.

In the network of the present invention, internal expansion in a full-mesh structure may not be required or a relatively small expansion would suffice because of the method adopted for allocating edge nodes to switch units in different switch planes. For example, an expansion of the order of 1.1:1 may be adequate. The allocation method also increases the opportunity of first-order connections, where edge nodes connecting to a given switch unit may connect directly through the switch unit, thus reducing the occupancy of the inner channels connecting the switch units. In the above example of a switch plane using switch units of dimension 64×64, the 64 dual ports may be divided into 30 outer dual ports (connecting to edge nodes) and 34 inner dual ports leading to an expansion ratio of 34/30. The number of switch units per switch plane is then 35 and dimension of a switch plane would be 30×35=1050, yielding a capacity of 10.5 terabits per second with port speed of 10 Gb/s.

Using edge nodes of dimension 128 each, for example, and dividing the dual ports of each edge node into 64 dual ports connecting to data sources and sinks, and 64 dual ports connecting to 64 switch planes, the total network capacity would be 64 times 10.50 Tb/s; approximately 672 Tb/s. Such a network would have 1050 edge nodes and 64 centralized switch planes. The centralized switch planes may be scattered over a wide geographic area. Using edge nodes of dimension 2048 each and dividing the dual ports of each edge node into 1024 dual ports connecting to data sources and sinks, and 1024 dual ports connecting to 1024 switch planes, the total network capacity would be 1024 times 10.50 Tb/s; approximately 10.70 Pbs (petabits per second). Such a network would have 1050 edge nodes and 1024 centralized switch planes. An insignificant proportion of capacity would be used for control as will be described with reference to FIG. 37 and FIG. 38.

FIG. 1 illustrates a network 100 comprising edge nodes 160 and a network core 110 comprising a number of switch planes 120, individually labeled as 120(0) to 120(Π−1), with Π>1. Each edge node 160 has a number of ingress ports connecting to ingress channels carrying data from data sources, a number of egress ports connecting to egress channels carrying data to data sinks, a number of outbound ports connecting to upstream channels to switch planes 120, and a number of inbound ports connecting to downstream channels from switch planes 120. Each edge node 160 has a group 150 of dual channels to the network core 110 including at least one dual channel 141/142 to each switch plane 120. A dual channel 141/142 comprises an upstream channel 141 from an edge node 160 to a switch plane 120 and a downstream channel 142 from a switch plane 120 to an edge node 160. Each switch plane 120 has a dimension of m×m (m inlet ports and m outlet ports) and the maximum number of edge nodes 160 that may be accommodated in such an arrangement is m. The advantages of using optical switch planes 120 in the network core are well known, and include simplicity due to direct switching of the optical carrier thus avoiding a process of baseband detection from a modulated optical carrier prior to switching and post-switching optical-carrier modulation. The use of a fast-switching optical network core, however, may limit the network scalability. With the present state of the art, an electronic switch plane 120 may grow to very high dimensions. Due to the availability of buffers, an electronic switch may be constructed in a modular structure of non-blocking electronic switch units with manageable scheduling and control complexity. A low-latency (fast switching) optical switch may also be configured as a modular switch based on non-blocking optical switch units. However, due to the absence of buffers, the scheduling complexity increases rapidly as the number of traversed switch units increases.

A non-blocking fast-switching optical switch unit may be constructed using a star coupler, an arrayed wavelength grating demultiplexer, and spectral-translation devices as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,922,501 titled “Fast Optical Switch”.

A switch plane 120(p), with p<Π, may take the form of a fully meshed arrangement of switch units 240, as illustrated in FIG. 2. The fully-meshed structure is one of many alternatives. A switch unit 240 in a switch plane 120(k) is referenced as 240(k,p), where k is the relative identifier of the switch unit within switch plane 120(k). For example, the switch units 240 in a switch plane 120(k) having five switch units are individually referenced as 240(0,p), 240(1,p), 240(2,p), 240(3,p), and 240(4,p). Each switch unit 240 may have at least one dual channel 141/142 connecting to an edge node 160 or to a wavelength router (not illustrated). Each switch unit 240 also has an outward channel 251 to each other switch unit 240 and an inward channel 252 from each other switch unit 240. An outward channel 251 from a first switch unit is an inward channel 252 to a second switch unit 240. An individual outward channel 251 from a switch unit 240(k,p) to a switch unit 240(L, p) may be further identified as 251(k,L). If all switch units 240 are collocated, i.e., located within a small area so that the propagation delay between any two switch units 240 of a switch plane 120 is negligible, the switch plane 120 becomes a ‘centralized’ switch plane. In the structure of FIG. 1, the switch planes 120 may be distributed over the Globe, but each switch plane may either be a centralized switch plane, where all the switch units of the switch plane are collocated, or a distributed switch plane if at least two switch units in the switch plane are separated by a significant distance.

A centralized switch plane has the advantage of simplicity of time coordination with the edge nodes. A geographically distributed switch plane 120 poses a time-coordination problem which may be solved by introducing optical-electrical conversion units at inner ports of the mesh structure, as will be discussed below with reference to FIG. 40.

FIG. 3 illustrates input and output ports of a switch unit 240 in switch plane 120. The input ports include inlet ports 322 connecting to inlet channels 141 which originate from source nodes (source edge nodes 160) and inward ports 324 connecting to inward channels 252 which originate from other switch units 240 of the same switch plane 120. The output ports include outlet ports 326 connecting to outlet channels 142 which lead to sink nodes (destination edge nodes 160), and outward ports 328 which connect to outward channels 251 leading to inward ports 324 of other switch units 240 in the same switch plane 120. Notably, an outward channel 251 of a switch unit 240 is an inward channel 252 of another switch unit 240. A configuration controller 384 (a slave controller) sets connections within a switch fabric of switch unit 240 from input ports 322 and 324 to output ports 326 and 328 according to instructions received from a switch-plane controller to be described with reference to FIG. 35.

FIG. 4 illustrates dual wavelength routers 425, each associated with a group of edge nodes 160, for directing individual wavelength channels of wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) links from edge nodes to separate optical-switch planes 120 in network 100 of FIG. 1. In order to exploit WDM economy, the edge nodes 160 may be arranged in groups of edge nodes and a wavelength router 425 is associated with each edge-node group. A wavelength router 425 may receive an upstream WDM link 440 from each edge node 160 of an edge-node group and direct the wavelength channels 141 from each edge node 160 to upstream WDM links 460 each leading to a switch plane 120. Each upstream WDM link 460 contains a wavelength channel 141 (FIG. 1) from each edge node 160 of an edge-node group. A wavelength router 425 may receive a downstream WDM link 470 comprising wavelength channels 142 (FIG. 1) from each switch plane 120 and direct the wavelength channels 142 to downstream WDM links 450 each leading to an edge node 160. Each downstream WDM link 450 contains a wavelength channel 142 from each switch plane. The number of wavelength routers 425 is preferably equal to the number of edge-node groups. An upstream WDM link 460 from a wavelength router 425 is directed to a switch plane 120. With edge nodes 160 of large dimension, multiple upstream WDM links 440 and downstream WDM links 450 may be used. For example, with each edge node 160 having 256 upstream channels 141 to switch planes 120, and 256 downstream channels from the switch planes 120, the upstream channels may be multiplexed onto eight upstream WDM links 440 each having 32 upstream channels 141, and similarly for the downstream channels. The maximum number of switch planes 120 is equal to the lesser of (1) the number of wavelength channels emanating from an edge node 160 and (2) the number of wavelength channels terminating on edge node 160.

WDM links 460 directed to a centralized switch plane 120 may be demultiplexed into individual wavelength channels 141 each of which connecting to an inlet port 322 of a switch unit 240 of the centralized switch plane 120. The allocation of the individual wavelength channels 141 in the switch planes 120 is crucial to the operation and performance of the entire network 100. If, for example, the switch planes 120 are configured identically, and if the wavelength channels 141 from different edge nodes 160 of a specific group of edge nodes connecting to a specific wavelength router 425, are allocated identically in all switch planes 120, then the inlet ports 322 of a given switch unit 240 in a specific switch plane 120 and the inlet ports 322 of all corresponding switch units 240 in all other switch planes 120 would connect to upstream channels from the specific group of edge nodes. Likewise, if the wavelength channels 142 to different edge nodes 160 of a specific group of edge nodes connecting to a specific wavelength router 425, are allocated identically in all switch planes 120, then the outlet ports 326 of a given switch unit 240 in a specific switch plane 120 and the outlet ports 326 of all corresponding switch units 240 in all other switch planes 120 would connect to downstream channels to the specific group of edge nodes. With typical spatial-traffic distributions, a large proportion of traffic from the a group of edge nodes connecting to inlet ports 322 one switch unit 240 may be directed to destination edge nodes 160 connecting to outlet ports 326 of another switch unit 240. This may necessitate the use of alternate indirect routes within the switch planes 120, where an indirect route traverses an intermediate switch unit 240. The use of indirect paths, each traversing an intermediate switch unit 240, is undesirable for two reasons: firstly, it consumes more resources; and secondly, it requires a computationally intensive third-order time-slot matching process. In accordance with the present invention, the upstream wavelength channels 141 are allocated to inlet ports 322 of the switch units 240 in a switch plane 120 in a manner which eliminates, or significantly reduces, the incidence of wavelength channels from any two edge nodes 160 accessing a common switch unit 240 more than once. Alternatively, the downstream wavelength channels may be allocated to outlet ports 326 of the switch units 240 in a switch plane 120 in a manner which eliminates, or significantly reduces, the incidence of any two edge nodes 160 connecting to wavelength channels from a common switch unit 240 more than once.

Preferred Network Structure

The edge nodes 160 are arranged into G groups, labeled 0, 1, . . . , (G−1). The number G preferably equals the number of switch units 240 per switch plane 120. Each edge node has a number of outbound ports equal to the number Π of switch planes and a number of inbound ports also equal to Π. Each switch unit 240 has Q dual outer ports (a dual port comprising an inlet port 322 and an outlet port 326) connecting to edge nodes 160 and each edge-node group comprises Q edge nodes. Each switch plane 120 may be operated as a complete, fully agile, switch plane, where a connection from a first switch unit 240 to a second switch unit 240 may comprise a direct path traversing only the first and second switch units 240 and a number of indirect paths, each indirect path traversing the first switch unit 240, an intermediate switch unit 240 (other than the first switch unit and the second switch unit), and the second switch unit 240. An advantage of a complete switch plane is its virtual independence of the spatial traffic distribution. However, as described earlier, one of the objectives of the present inventions is to avoid the use of indirect paths and use only either intra-switch-unit paths (a path from an inlet port 322 to an outlet port 326 within a switch unit 240) or direct inter-switch-unit paths (a path from an inlet port 322 of a switch unit to an outlet port 326 of another switch unit 240 of the same switch plane 120). An intra-switch-unit path is used when the source edge node 160 and the sink edge node 160 connect to the same switch unit 240. A direct inter-switch-unit path traverses only the switch unit 240 connecting to the source node (source edge node 160) and the switch unit 240 connecting to the sink node (destination edge node 160). This operational restriction turns a fully-meshed switch plane into an incomplete (not fully agile) switch plane which may limit the throughput under spatial traffic-imbalance conditions. For example, under an extreme spatial traffic distribution, the traffic from a first group of Q source edge nodes 160, operating at near full occupancy and connecting to inlet ports 322 of a first switch unit 240 in a first switch plane 120, may be directed exclusively to a second group of Q sink edge nodes 160 connecting to outlet ports 326 of a second switch unit 240 in the same first switch plane 120. Transferring the traffic through the switch plane 120 requires at least Q paths from the first switch unit 240 to the second switch unit 240. There is only one direct path and the remaining (Q−1) paths would traverse intermediate switch units 240. If the first group of edge nodes 160 is connected to inlet ports 322 of a third switch unit 240 in a second switch plane 120 and the second group of edge nodes is connected to outlet ports of a fourth switch unit in the second switch plane, then—under the same traffic conditions—only a fraction 1/Q of the traffic received at the third switch unit can be transferred to the fourth switch unit. Each edge node has Π outbound channels and Π inbound channels, Π being the number of switch planes 120 as defined earlier, with one outbound channel connecting the edge node to each of the Π switch planes 120 and one inbound channel connecting each switch plane to the edge node. With outbound channels, outward channels, inbound channels and inward channels of the same capacity χ (χ=10 Gb/s each, for example), the outward channel 251 connecting any switch unit 240 to any other switch unit 240 of any switch plane 120 may carry only 1/Q of the inlet traffic of one switch unit 240. Thus, under the above extreme traffic distribution and with similar connectivity patterns in all switch planes, only 1/Q of the traffic destined to the second group of edge nodes may be delivered.

To avoid the use of indirect paths within any switch plane 120, outbound channels of the first group of edge nodes 141 may connect to inlet ports 322 of a set of Q different switch units 240 in a second switch plane 120. Thus, the traffic from the first group of source nodes 160 to the second group of sink nodes 160 may use different outwards channels 251 leading to the second set of sink nodes. Likewise, outbound channels 141 of the first group of source nodes may connect to inlet ports 322 of a set of Q switch units in a third switch plane, and so on.

Outbound channels from the first group of source nodes (edge nodes) 160 may appear together at inlet ports 322 of the same switch unit 240 and, hence, with Π switch planes, the maximum needed capacity to carry the traffic from the first group of source nodes to the second group of sink nodes is Π×Q×γ. The available transfer capacity from the first group of source nodes to the second group of sink nodes is (χ+(Π−1)×Q×χ). The ratio of the available to needed capacity is then (1−(Q−1)/(Π×Q)). With Q=30, and Π=32, for example, the ratio is 0.97, and with Q=30 and Π=128, the ratio becomes 0.992. This ratio is less sensitive to the value of Q and depends mainly on the number Π of switch planes 120. The calculation of this ratio does not take into account helpful internal switching through individual switch units 240 for source nodes and sink nodes connecting to common switch units 240 and does not account for internal switching within individual integrated edge nodes 160 (an integrated edge node 160 comprises a source node and a sink node sharing memory and control). Although this extreme case of both high occupancy and focused spatial traffic distribution may be unlikely to occur in a typical network, it is of paramount importance that a network be designed to function under extreme traffic conditions.

FIG. 5 illustrates a set of edge nodes 160 and switch units 240 of a network 100 having three switch planes 120 (Π=3) with each switch plane 120 comprising five switch units 240 (G=5) and each switch unit 240 having four inlet ports and four outlet ports (Q=4). The edge nodes are logically arranged into five groups each group having four edge nodes. Each edge node 160 is identified by an index (j, γ), γ being an edge-node group number (0≦γ<G) and j being the relative position of the edge node within group γ (0≦j<Q). Each switch unit 240 in a switch plane 120(p) is identified by an index (s, p), s being the relative position of the switch unit 240 within switch plane 120 of index p, referenced as switch plane 120(p), 0≦p<Π.

FIG. 6 illustrates asymmetrical connectivity pattern according to the present invention to enable the use of direct paths from any edge-node group to any other edge-node group and generally from any subset of edge nodes 160 to any other subset of edge nodes 160. Each array 620 represents the connectivity of a switch unit 240(k,p), 0≦k<G, 0≦p<Π. An entry 630 of an array 620 corresponding to switch unit 240(k,p) identifies indices (j, γ) of an edge node 160(j, γ) connecting to the inlet ports of a switch unit 240(k,p). An entry 640 of array 620 identifies indices (j, γ) of an edge node 160(j,γ) connecting to an outlet port of switch unit 240(k,p). Direct paths 625 through a switch plane 120, traversing outward channels 252, carrying traffic from an edge-node group {160(0,2), 160(1,2), 160(2,2), 160(3,2)} to edge-node group {160(0,4), 160(1,4), 160(2,4), 160(3,4)} are indicated. There is only one direct path 625 in switch-plane 120(0). There are three direct paths 625 and one internal path 622 in each of switch-planes 120(1) and 120(2). The use of internal paths 622 reduces the traffic load of direct paths 625. The availability of sufficient paths in each of switch planes 120(1) and 120(2) results from the asymmetrical connectivity scheme according to the present invention where the upstream connectivity of edge nodes to inlet ports of switch units 240 is based on orthogonal scrambling while the downstream connectivity of outlet ports of the switch units 240 to edge nodes is uniform, being the same in all switch planes 120. Notably, the above asymmetrical connectivity may be reversed where the upstream connectivity of edge nodes to inlet ports of switch units 240 is the same in all switch planes 120 while the downstream connectivity of outlet ports of the switch units 240 to edge nodes is based on orthogonal scrambling.

Orthogonal Upstream Connectivity

The upstream connectivity of edge nodes 160 to switch units 240 is selected so that edge node 160(j, γ) has an upstream wavelength channel to an inlet port 322 of a switch unit 240 in each switch plane. In accordance with the present invention, edge nodes 160 that connect to inlet ports 322 of any switch unit 240 in any switch plane 120 preferably connect to inlet ports 322 of different switch units 240 in each other switch plane 120. Thus, any two edge nodes may have upstream connections to the same switch unit 240 only once. As such, a first set of edge nodes 160 connecting to a first switch unit 240 and a second set of edge nodes 160 connecting to a second switch unit 240 may have at most one common node. The first set and second set of edge nodes satisfying this condition are herein called “orthogonal edge-node sets”. Several connectivity patterns may be devised to ensure that the edge node sets connecting to the switch units 240 are mutually orthogonal. In a preferred connectivity pattern, according to the present invention, each edge node 160(j,γ), 0≦j<Q<G, 0≦γ<G, connects, through at least one upstream wavelength channel, to switch unit 240(ξ,p), in switch plane 120(p), 0≦p<Π where:

ξ=((G−1−j)p+γ)_(modulo G.)

In the downstream direction, edge node 160(j,γ) receives at least one downstream channel from a switch unit 240(γ, p), 0≦p<Π.

Equivalently, a switch unit 240(k, p), 0≦k<G, 0≦p<Π, receives Q upstream channels from edge nodes {j, [(j+1) p+k]_(modulo G)}, 0≦j<Q. Thus, in switch plane 120(p), p=0, switch unit 240(k, 0) receives channels from edge nodes (j, k), 0≦j<Q, in switch plane 120(p), p=1, switch unit 240(k, 1) receives channels from edge nodes (j, [k+j+1]_(modulo 5), and in switch plane 2, switch unit 240(k, 2) receives channels from edge nodes (j, [k+2j+2]_(modulo 5)).

FIG. 7 illustrates the upstream connectivity of a network core 110 in a network 100 comprising 20 edge nodes 160, each edge node 160 having four dual outer channels 141/142 connecting to the network core 110 (Q=4). The network core 110 comprises five switch planes 120 (n=5). Each switch plane 120 comprises switch units 240 each of dimension 8×8, with four dual outer ports 322/326 connecting to edge nodes 160 and four dual inner ports 324/328 connecting to other switch units 240 of the same switch plane 120. Thus, each switch plane 120 comprises five switch units (G=5) connected in a full mesh structure. The edge nodes 160 are arranged into five groups labeled groups 0, 1, . . . , 4, and each edge-node group includes four edge nodes. An edge node 160 is further identified by the indices (j, γ), 0≦j<Q, 0≦γ<G, where γ is the group identifier and j is a relative identifier within a group. For clarity of the figure, given space limitation, an edge node (j, γ), where each of j and γ is represented by one digit, is represented as a concatenation “jγ” instead of (j,γ). For example, a third edge node (where j=3) in group 2 (γ=2), is represented in the drawings as “32” instead of the formal (3, 2) representation. This edge-node identification scheme is only exemplary and any other suitable scheme may be used.

In the example of FIG. 7, there are five switch planes (Π=5) and five edge-node groups (G=5). The upstream connectivity of edge nodes 160 to switch units 240 is selected so that edge node (j, γ) has an upstream wavelength channel to an inlet port 322 of a switch unit 240 in each switch plane 120. Using the upstream-connectivity method described above, the Π outbound channels of edge node 160(j,γ) connect to switch units 240 {[(G−1−j)p+γ]_(modulo G), p)}, 0≦p<Π and, consequently, a switch unit 240(k, p), 0≦k<G, 0≦p<Π, receives upstream channels from edge nodes {j, [(j+1) p+k]_(modulo G)}, 0≦j<Π. With the network parameters Π=5, G=5, and Q=4, switch unit 240(k,0) receives channels from edge nodes (j, k), 0≦j<Q and switch unit 240(k,2) receives channels from edge nodes (j, [k+2j+2]_(modulo 5)).

The switch units 240 are arranged in Π>1 switch planes. The switch planes are indexed as 0 to (Π−1). Each switch plane comprises a subset of G>1 switch units 240 interconnected in a full-mesh structure. A switch unit 240 of a switch plane 120(p) is identified as 240(s,p), 0≦s<G. The edge nodes 160 are arranged into G non-intersecting edge-node groups each edge-node group comprising at most Q>1 edge nodes. An edge node 160 within an edge-node group γ, 0≦γ<G, is indexed as (j, γ), 0≦j<Q<G. Each edge node 160 connects to a switch plane 120 in both the upstream direction and downstream direction.

To eliminate the need for indirect connections through each switch plane 120, the edge nodes 160 may be connected to switch units 240 in one of three configurations.

In a first configuration, switch units 240 connect to orthogonal sets of edge nodes 160 in the upstream directions and connect to arbitrary sets of edge nodes 160 in the downstream direction. Selecting G as a prime number, a switch unit 240(k,p) of index k, 0≦k<G, in switch plane p, 0≦p<Π, connects to at most Q edge nodes of indices (j, k+p+j×p), 0≦j<Q, in the upstream direction.

A switch unit 240(k,p), 0≦k<G, 0≦p<Π, connects to each of at most Q edge nodes 160(j,γ) 0≦j<Q, 0≦γ<G, through at least one downstream channel. Preferably, for ease of routing, an edge node 160(j,γ) connects in the downstream direction to switch units 240(k,p), k=γ, 0≦p<Π. Thus, Π switch units 240(k,p), 0≦p<Π, connect in the downstream direction to a set of edge nodes 160. With one downstream channel from each switch plane to each edge node, it is preferable that a downstream channel from an outlet port j of a switch unit 240(k,p) connect to edge node 160 (j,γ) to further simplify addressing.

In a second configuration, switch units 240 connect to arbitrary sets of edge nodes 160 in the upstream direction and connect to orthogonal sets of edge nodes 160 in the downstream directions. Switch unit 240(k,p), 0≦k<G, 0≦p<Π, connects to each of at most Q edge nodes 160(j,γ) 0≦j<Q, 0≦γ<G, through at least one upstream channel. An edge node 160(j,γ) may connect in the upstream direction to switch units 240(k,p), k=γ, 0≦p<Π. Thus, II switch units 240(k,p), 0≦p<Π, connect in the upstream direction to a set of edge nodes 160.

Selecting G to be a prime number, a switch unit 240(k,p) of index k, 0≦k<G, in switch plane p, 0≦p<Π, connects to at most Q edge nodes of indices (j, k+p+j×p), 0≦j<Q, in the downstream direction.

The capacity and performance of the second configurations are comparable to those of the first configuration. However, addressing and routing in the first configuration are simpler because each edge node may connect, in the downstream direction, to outlet ports of identical indices within the Π switch planes.

In a third configuration, switch units 240 connect to orthogonal sets of edge nodes 160 in both the upstream and downstream directions. Selecting G as a prime number, a switch unit 240(k,p) of index k, 0≦k<G, in switch plane p, 0≦p<Π, connects to at most Q edge nodes of indices (j, k+p+j×p), 0≦j<Q, in the both directions.

As illustrated in FIG. 7, the edge nodes 160 are arranged into edge-node groups each connecting to a switch unit 240 in one of five switch planes 120(0), 120(1), 120(2), 120(3) and 120(4). Switch-plane 120(0) has five switch units labeled 240(0,0) to 240(0,4). Switch-plane 120(1) has five switch units labeled 240(1,0) to 240(1,4), and so on. For brevity, each edge node 160 is identified by a concatenation of indices j and γ as mentioned above. Thus, a first edge node 160 in a first edge-node group would be identified as 00, the second edge node 160 in the first edge-node group would be identified as 10, and so on. A switch unit 240 is identified as 240(k,p) where p is the index of a switch plane 120(p) and index k represents the relative position of the switch unit within the switch plane 120(p).

According to the first configuration, edge nodes are associated with switch units as follows: edge nodes 160(0,0), 160(1,0), 160(2,0), and 160(3,0) connect to switch unit 240(0,0) of switch-plane 120(0); edge nodes 160(0,0), 160(1,1), 160(2,2), 160(3,3) connect to switch unit 240(4,1) of switch-plane 120(1); edge nodes 160(0,0), 160(1,2), 160(2,4), and 160(3,1) connect to switch unit 240(3,2) of switch plane 120(2); and edge nodes 160(0,0), 160(1,3), 160(2,1), 160(3,4) connect to switch unit 240(2,3) of switch-plane 3. Switch unit 240(3,2) receives channels from edge nodes 160(0, 0), 160(1, 2), 160(2, 4), and 160(3, 1) which are written as 00, 12, 24, and 31.

When current identifiers of edge nodes 160 allocated to a switch unit 240 in a switch plane 120 are determined, the identifiers of edge nodes 160 allocated to a subsequent switch unit 240 of the switch plane are determined by adding one, modulo G, to the second index of each of the current identifiers.

It is observed in FIG. 7 that any two groups of edge nodes 160 connecting two switch units 240 have at most one edge node in common. For example edge-node group (00, 10, 20, 30) connecting to 240(0,0) has no common edge nodes with edge-node group (02,11,20,34) connecting to switch unit 240(3,4) and one edge node, 160(0,0) in common with edge-node-group (00,14,23,32) connecting to switch unit 240(1,4).

The above configurations identify a set of edge nodes 160 connecting to each switch unit 240. In practice, it may be desirable to have expressions for identifying switch units 240 to which each edge node 160 connects.

Using the same notation as above, and considering the preferred first configuration, an edge node 160(j, γ) of index (j, γ), 0≦j<Q<G, 0≦γ<G, connects to a switch unit 240(h,p) of index h=((G−1−j)p+γ)_(modulo G), in each switch plane p, 0≦<Π, through at least one upstream channel. Edge node 160(j, γ) connects to a switch unit 240(γ,p), of index γ in each switch plane p, 0≦p<Π, through at least one downstream channel.

Preferably, each switch unit 240 in each switch plane 120 has a same number N provisioned dual ports; a switch unit 240 may be devised to support a number of ports larger than N for future expansion. Referring to FIG. 3, let the number of inlet ports 322 equal the number Q of outlet ports 326. To create a full mesh interconnection of G switch units, the number of inward ports 324 equals (G−1) and, consequently, the number of outward ports 328 equals (G−1). Thus, the N dual ports of the switch unit 240 includes Q outer dual ports communicatively coupled to edge nodes 160 and (G−1) inner dual ports connecting to other switch units 240 of each switch plane. (An outer dual port comprises an inlet port 322 and an outlet port 326. An inner dual port comprises an inward port 324 and an outward port 328.)

A minimum expansion factor, η, defined as the ratio of inner dual ports to outer dual ports of a switch unit 240 may be specified to influence the performance of the network 100. A value of η exceeding 1 facilitates connection setup through a switch plane 120. The value of G is preferably selected as a prime number to simplify the assignment of edge-nodes 160 to switch units. The permissible number Q of dual outer port, may be determined from: (Q+G−1)≦N and ((G−1)/Q)≧η. Given the values of N and η, the value of G and Q may be determined in one of two methods.

In a first method, G is determined as a prime number not exceeding Γ=(N×η/(η+1))+1, and the value of Q is determined as Q≦└(G−1)/η┘, the conventional notation └y┘ denoting an integer part of a real number y.

In a second method, G may be determined as the nearest prime number not less than Γ=(N×η/(η+1))+1, and the value of Q is determined as Q≦(N−G+1).

For example, consider a switch unit 240 having N=512 dual ports, with a minimum expansion factor η=1.12.

The value of Γ is determined as Γ=271.49. The nearest prime number not exceeding Γ is 271. According to the first method, the number G of switch units 240 per switch plane is selected to be 271, and the number Q of outlet ports of a switch unit 240 is determined as Q≦└(G−1)/η┘=270/1.12┘=241. The total number of utilized dual ports per switch unit 240 is then 241+270=511 (less than 512), and the actual expansion ration is 270/241=1.1203>1.12. The nearest prime number that is higher than Γ is 277. According to the second method, the number G is selected to be 277. With G=277, Q is determined as (N−G+1)=236, and the actual expansion factor is (G−1)/Q=276/236=1.169>1.12.

As another example, consider a switch unit 240 having N=128 dual ports, with a minimum expansion factor η=1.12. The value of Γ is determined as Γ=68.62. The nearest prime number not exceeding Γ is 67. According to the first method, the number G of switch units 240 per switch plane is selected to be 67, and the number Q of outlet ports of a switch unit 240 is determined as Q≦└(G−1)/η┘=66/1.12┘=58. The total number of utilized dual ports per switch unit 240 is then 66+58=124 (less than 128), and the actual expansion ration is 66/58=1.138>1.12. According to the second method, the number G is selected to be the nearest prime number higher than Γ, which is 71. With G=71, Q is determined as (N−G+1)=58, and the actual expansion factor is (G−1)/Q=70/58=1.207>1.12.

Downstream Connectivity

FIG. 8 illustrates the downstream connectivity of the network core 110 considered in FIG. 7 to edge nodes 160, where downstream channels from corresponding switch units in different switch planes lead to a common subset of sink nodes (destination edge nodes 120). For example, switch units 240(2,0), 240(2,1), 240(2,2), 240(2,3), and 240(2,4) connect to edge-nodes 160(0,2), 160(1,2), 160(2,2), and 160(3,2) respectively, represented in FIG. 8 as 02, 12, 22, and 32 for clarity of the drawing. It is noted that the uniformity of downstream connectivity as illustrated in FIG. 8 has significant advantages in simplifying the addressing and routing across the network 100 as will be described below.

Reciprocating Upstream and Downstream Connectivity

The upstream connectivity pattern of FIG. 7 and downstream connectivity pattern of FIG. 8 may be interchanged so that the upstream connectivity is uniform, with a subset of edge nodes 160 (source nodes) connecting through upstream channels to corresponding switch units in switch planes 120 and the downstream connectivity is based on orthogonality. It is noted that while this reciprocal connectivity arrangement would lead to comparable traffic performance, it may complicate the addressing and routing functions to some extent. Each edge node 160 may be assigned a network address based on its downstream association with a switch unit 240(k, p). When the downstream connectivity is uniform, an edge node would have a downstream channel from switch units 240(k,p) of the same first index k. When the downstream connectivity is non-uniform, for example orthogonally scrambled, a sink node (a destination edge node) would have an address associated with each switch plane 120. If the number of switch planes is 1000, for example, a sink node would have 1000 switch-plane-dependent addresses instead of a single network address. Notably, recent advances in the art facilitate the construction of edge nodes of several-thousand ports each. This enables the use of a large number of switch planes 120 in network 100 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 9 is a Table 900 illustrating symmetrical upstream and downstream connection of channels from 20 edge nodes 160 to switch units 240 of five switch planes 120(p), 0≦p<Π, of the exemplary network 100 considered in FIG. 7. The switch planes are labeled 120(0), 120(1), 120(2), 120(3), and 120(4). Each switch plane of index p, 0≦p<Π, comprises five switch units 240 labeled 240(k,p), 0≦k<5, with the first index k denoting a relative position of a switch unit 240 within a switch plane 120(p). The edge nodes are divided, for identification purposes into a number of edge-node groups and the number of edge-node groups is conveniently selected to equal the number G of switch units 240 per switch plane 120. An edge node is identified as 160(j,γ), where j is a relative position of an edge node 160 within its edge-node group, and γ is an identifier of an edge-node group; 0≦γ<G. An entry 912 in Table 900 indicates an edge node 160(j,γ) connected in the upstream direction to a switch-unit 240(k,p). For clarity of the figure, an edge node 160(j,γ) is identified only by the indices j, γ. An entry 914 in Table 900 indicates an edge node 160(j,γ) connected in the downstream direction to a switch-unit 240(k,p). In Table 900, the entries 912 and 914 are identical, indicating symmetrical connectivity of the edge nodes 160 to the switch planes 120 in the upstream and downstream directions.

FIG. 10 highlights the connectivity, upstream or downstream, of an arbitrary set of edge nodes 160(0,1), 160(1,2), 160(2,3), and 160(3,4) (concisely represented as “01”, “12”, “23”, “34”) to switch units 240 of different switch planes 120. The four edge nodes respectively connect to switch units 240 of switch planes 120(0), 120(1), 120(2) 120(3), and 120(4) according to the pattern below.

-   -   In switch-plane 120(0): to switch units 240(1,0), 240(2,0),         240(3,0), and 240(4,0).     -   In switch-plane 120(1): to switch unit 240(0,1).     -   In switch-plane 120(2): to switch units 240(4,2), 240(3,2),         240(2,2), and 240(1,2).     -   In switch-plane 120(3): to switch units 240(3,3), 240(1,3),         240(4,3), and 240(2,3).     -   In switch plane 120(4): to switch units 240(2,4), 240(4,4),         240(1,4), and 240(3,4).

Thus, the set of edge nodes (“01”, “12”, “23”, and “34”) has a scattered connection to the switch units 240(k,p) in four switch planes 120(0), 120(2), 120(3), and 120(4) and a focused connection to one switch unit 240(0,1) of switch plane 120(1). The four edge nodes of the set may reach a destination set of edge node through four channels in each of four switch planes and one channel in one switch plane.

FIG. 11 illustrates an upstream connectivity pattern identical to that illustrated in FIG. 9 which differs from one switch plane to another. However, the downstream connectivity of switch planes 120(p), 1≦p<Π to the edge nodes 160 is similar to the downstream connectivity of switch plane 120(0) to the edge nodes 160. Any two edge nodes 160 have upstream channels to a common switch unit only once; the subsets of edge nodes connecting in the upstream direction to the switch units 240 in network 100 are orthogonal.

The asymmetrical arrangement of FIG. 11 is superior to the symmetrical arrangement of FIG. 9 in two aspects: firstly, it significantly simplifies addressing and routing, and, secondly, it provides better scattering where each source node coexists with each sink node in only one of the switch units 240 thus generally increasing the proportion of traffic that can be switched within a single switch unit 240. To illustrate this property, source edge node 160(0,1) (concisely “01”) coexists with sink edge node 160(0,1) in each switch plane 120 in the arrangement of FIG. 9 but coexists with sink edge node 160(0,1) in only one switch unit 240(1,0) in the arrangement of FIG. 11.

FIG. 12 highlights the scattered connectivity in the arrangement of FIG. 11 of the same arbitrary set of edge nodes 160(0,1), 160(1,2), 160(2,3), and 160(3,4) used in FIG. 10.

FIG. 13 highlights intra-switch unit connections and inter-switch-unit connections for the connectivity arrangement of FIG. 11. In particular, a connection from source edge node 160(1,2) (concisely “12”) to sink edge node 160(2,4) (concisely “24”) may traverse: switch units 240(2,0) and 240(4,0) in plane 120(0); 240(0,1) and 240(4,1) in switch plane 120(1), 240(3,2) and 240(4,2) in switch plane 120(2), or 240(1,3) and 240(4,3) in switch plane 120(3). A connection may, however, be set within one switch unit 240(4,4) in switch plane 120(4). With balanced traffic, intra-switch-unit connections, such as the one through 240(4,4), may be used for a significant proportion of traffic, thus reducing the load on internal channels 251 interconnecting switch units 240 within a switch plane (FIG. 2) and, hence, facilitating the second-order temporal matching process employed for inter-switch-unit connections such as the four connections from source edge node 160(1,2) to sink edge node 160(2,4) described above.

FIG. 14 illustrates an upstream connectivity pattern for a network 100 having six switch planes 120 (Π=6), where each switch plane 120 has six switch units (G=6) and each switch unit 240 has 5 dual outer ports (Q=5) connecting to edge nodes 160. In the example of FIG. 11, each edge-node pair access a common switch unit 240 only once. In the example of FIG. 14, an edge-node pair may access more than one common switch unit 240. For example edge nodes 160(0,5) and 160(4,5) have upstream channels to switch unit 240(5,0) and to switch unit 240(2,3).

FIG. 15 illustrates the division of a number of nodes 1512 in an arbitrary network into overlapping sets of nodes where each set of nodes intersects at least one other set of nodes and each node is a member of at least two node sets. The number μ of common nodes (mutual nodes) in any two node sets is limited to a predefined upper bound. The preferable upper bound is unity. Node sets thus formed are herein called “orthogonal node sets”. However, the definition of orthogonality may be relaxed to allow μ to exceed unity. The nodes in FIG. 15 may represent source nodes or sink nodes. The nodes 1512 of FIG. 15 are divided into seven orthogonal node sets 1516, individually labeled as 1516A, 1516B, 1516C, 1516D, 1516E, 1516F, and 1516G. A node 1512 may be further identified by the orthogonal node sets to which it belongs. Thus, node 1512 ab is a common node in the two node sets 1516A and 1516B, node 1560 bce is a common node in three node sets 1516B, 1516C, and 1516E. There are seven common nodes in the example of FIG. 15.

In a network where source nodes and sink nodes are integrated into edge nodes with an edge node comprising one source node and one sink node, the division of the edge nodes into orthogonal node sets may apply independently to the source-node components of the edge nodes (thus affecting upstream connectivity), the sink-node components (affecting downstream connectivity), or both.

FIG. 16 illustrates the division of a number of nodes 1612 in an arbitrary network into non-overlapping sets 1616 of nodes where none of the node sets 1616 intersects any other of the node sets 1616, i.e., each node 1612 is a member of only one node set. Node sets thus formed are herein called “non-intersecting node sets”. The nodes in FIG. 16 may represent source nodes or sink nodes. In a network where source nodes and sink nodes are integrated into edge nodes, the division of the edge nodes into non-intersecting node sets may apply to the source-node components of the edge nodes (affecting upstream connectivity), or the sink-node components (affecting downstream connectivity), but not both.

FIG. 17 and FIG. 18 illustrate an arrangement for dividing the twenty edge nodes 160 of the exemplary network considered in FIG. 11 (with G=Π=5 and Q=4) into orthogonal edge-node sets, each edge-node set including four edge nodes 160. In FIG. 17 and FIG. 18, an edge node 160(j,γ) is represented by indices (j, γ), where 0≦j<Q, and 0≦γ<G, γ being an edge-node group number and j being the relative position of the edge node within group k as defined earlier. An arrangement associated with switch-plane 120(p) has G non-intersecting edge-node sets 1720 where each set comprises Q edge nodes 160(j, |k+p+j×p|_(modulo G)), 0≦j<Q, which connect to switch unit 240(k, p), 0≦k<G. For clarity, the second index |k+p+j×p|_(modulo G) of an edge-node is indicated in FIG. 17 and FIG. 18 (as well as in FIGS. 19-21) by repeating the values of the ordinate γ over successive ranges of G. With G=Π=5 and Q=4, five non-intersecting edge-node sets 1720 are formed, each associated with one of the switch-planes 120.

A first arrangement associated with switch-plane 120(0) comprises four edge nodes 160(j, γ), γ=k, 0≦j<4, which connect to switch units 240(k, 0), 0≦k<5. A second arrangement associated with switch-plane 120(1) comprises four edge nodes 160(j,(k+j+1)_(modulo G)), 0≦j<4, which connect to switch unit 240(k, 1), 0≦k<5. A third arrangement associated with switch-plane 120(2) comprises four edge nodes 160(j,(k+2j+2)_(modulo G)), 0≦j<4, which connect to switch unit 240(k, 2), 0≦k<5, and so on. Any pair of edge-node sets associated with one switch plane 120(p), 0≦p<Π, does not have a common edge node 160 and any pair of node sets associated with different switch planes 120(p) have at most one common edge node 160.

In FIG. 17, and FIG. 18, the abscissa and ordinate indicate the indices j and γ of edge nodes 160(j, γ), 0≦j<Q, 0≦γ<G. Each line 1720 indicates a set of edge nodes connecting to a switch unit 240(k,p) in switch plane 120(p), 0≦p<Π. The ordinate range is repeated for clearly illustrating the orthogonality of edge-node sets connecting to the switch units 240, where any two lines 1720 intersect in at most one point. Thus, for switch plane p=2, the bottom line 1720 indicates that edge nodes 160(0,2), 160(1,4), 160(2,1), and 160(3,3) connect to switch unit 240(0,2) and the top line 1720 indicates that edge nodes 160(0,1), 160(1,3), 160(2,0), and 160(3,2) connect to switch unit 240(4,2). The edge-node set connecting to each switch unit 240(k,p) may be read from the table in FIG. 11 but are presented graphically in FIG. 17 and FIG. 18 to clearly illustrate the connectivity rule.

The edge-node sets thus formed are further depicted in FIG. 19 and FIG. 20 which groups edge-nodes connecting to switch unit 240(k, p), 0≦p<Π, in five groups 1920(k,p), each group corresponding to index k, 0≦k<G=5 in all switch planes 120(p), 0≦p<Π. As illustrated, the edge-nodes of each group 1920 corresponding to switch-unit 240(k,p), k>0, may be determined by shifting the edge-node sets of a preceding group corresponding to switch-unit 240 (k−1,p). Thus, it is convenient to initially identify the edge-node sets corresponding to switch unit 240(0,p), 0≦p<Π, then shift the pattern upwards for each succeeding value of k. It is observed from FIG. 19 and FIG. 20 that the edge-node sets of the same group-index k do not intersect (with no common edge nodes in any pair of edge-node sets).

FIG. 21 illustrates orthogonal source-node sets 2120(0), 2120(1), 2120(2), 2120(3), and 2120(4) with the connectivity of FIG. 11. FIG. 21 is derived from FIG. 11 or FIG. 17 and FIG. 18. The abscissa and ordinate indicate the indices j and γ of edge nodes 160(j, γ), 0≦j<Q, 0≦γ<G. Edge nodes 160(j,γ) connecting to each switch unit 240(k,p) in each switch plane 120(p), 0≦p<Π are indicated. For example, in switch plane 120(3), edge nodes 160(0,2), 160(1,0), 160(2,3), and 160(3,1) connect to switch unit 240(4,3). Each edge node is common in five source-node sets. For example, edge node 160(0,0) is a common node in five orthogonal edge-node sets connecting to switch units 240(0,0), 240(1,4), 240(2,3), 240(3,2), and 240(4,1), and edge-node 160(1,2) is a common to edge-node sets connecting to switch units 240(0,1), 240(1,3), 240(2,0), 240(3,2), and 240(4, 4).

Edge-Core Connectors

FIG. 22 and FIG. 23 illustrate an exemplary configuration of five wavelength routers 425(0), 425(1), 425(2), 425(3), and 425(4) each associated with an edge-node group comprising four edge nodes 160 in the full-mesh structure of FIG. 2. Each edge node 160 has an upstream WDM link 440 carrying wavelength channels to a respective one of the five wavelength routers 425. Edge nodes 160(j,γ) are to be connected to switch units 240(k,p) according to predetermined patterns as described above. A wavelength channel from an edge node 160(j,γ) occupying wavelength band (spectral band) β is represented in FIG. 22 and FIG. 23 as “jγβ”. Considering the use of five wavelength bands, β may take any of five values denoted herein as wavelength bands A, B, C, D, and E. An edge node 160(j,γ) has a WDM link 440 to a wavelength router 425(γ) carrying five wavelength channels represented as “jγA”, “jγB”, “jγC”, “jγD”, and “jγE”. For example, edge node 160(0,0) has a WDM link 440(0,0) carrying five wavelength channels “00A”, “00B”, “00C”, “00D”, and “00E” to wavelength router 425(0). Each output WDM link 460(γ,p) of wavelength router 425(γ) comprises four wavelength channels of different wavelength bands, one from each of the four edge nodes 160(0,γ), 160(1,γ), 160(2,γ), and 160(3,γ). For example, wavelength router 425(1) has four input WDM links 440(0,1), 440(1,1), 440(2,1), 440(3, 1) originating from edge nodes 160(0,1), 160(1,1), 160(2,1), and 160(3,1) each carrying the five wavelength bands A, B, C, D, and E. Wavelength router 425(1) has five output WDM links 460(1,0), 460(1,1), 460(1,2), 460(1,3), and 460(1,4) each directed to a switch unit 240 in one of five switch planes. Each WDM output link 460 of wavelength router 425(1) carries four wavelength bands, one from each of the four edge nodes 160(0,1), 160(1,1), 160(2,1), and 160(3,1). Wavelength routers 425(2), 425(3), and 425(4) likewise connect the third, fourth, and fifth edge-node groups respectively to the five switch planes.

The five output WDM links 460 of each of the five wavelength routers 425 in the above exemplary configuration are directed to the switch planes 120, which may be geographically distributed. Each switch plane 120 comprises five switch units 240 and receives five WDM links collectively containing a wavelength channel from each of the edge nodes 160 of the network.

At the first switch plane 120(0), each of the respective five WDM links from the edge nodes may connect, after demultiplexing into its constituent wavelength channels, to an inlet port 322 in one of the switch units 240. At the second switch plane 120(1), the demultiplexed WDM links from the edge nodes are allocated to inlet ports 322 of the switch units of plane 120(1) according to the pattern indicated in FIG. 11. Likewise, the allocation of wavelength channels to inlet ports 322 at the third switch plane 120(2), the fourth switch plane 120(3) and the fifth switch plane 120(4) are based on the connectivity pattern of FIG. 11. If the five switch planes 120(0), 120(1), 120(2), 120(3) and 120(4) are identically connected to the incoming WDM links, then spatial traffic variation may force the use of two-link-paths in at least one of the five switch planes 120(0) to 120(4).

FIG. 24 illustrates in a table 2400 the preferred asymmetrical connection of upstream and downstream channels of FIG. 11 further indicating the wavelength channels bands at the output of the wavelength routers 425 of FIG. 22 and FIG. 23. An entry 2410 in table 2400 identifies a spectral band defining a wavelength channel. An entry 2412 identifies an edge node having an upstream channel to a switch unit 240(k,p) of a switch plane 120(p). An entry 2414 identifies an edge node having a downstream channel from switch unit 240(k,p) of a switch plane 120(p).

Each row 2420 includes identifiers (x,y) of edge nodes 160(x,y) connecting to switch units 240(k,p) of a switch plane 120(p). All the edge nodes 160(j,γ) listed in a row 2420 corresponding to a switch plane 120(p) have upstream wavelength channels of the same wavelength band β (reference 2410; one of wavelength bands “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, or “E”). For example, edge nodes 160(0,0), 160(0,1), 160(0,2), 160(0,3), and 160(0,4) use wavelength channel β=A for their upstream wavelength channels to switch plane 120(0) (top row 2420-0) but use wavelength bands E, D, C, and B in their upstream wavelength bands to switch planes 120(1), 120(2), 120(3), and 120(4), respectively (rows 2420-4, 2420-8, 2420-12, and 2420-16).

Output WDM links 460 from each wavelength router 425 connect to the switch planes 120(p), 0≦p<Π. As illustrated in FIG. 25 to FIG. 29, arrays of wavelength demultiplexers 2540, 2640, 2740, 2840, and 2940, in switch planes 120(0), 120(1), 120(2), 120(3), and 120(4), respectively, demultiplex WDM links 460 into their constituent wavelength channels which connect to respective inlet ports of switch units 240 according to the connectivity pattern of Table 2400 of FIG. 24. Each individual wavelength channel from a wavelength demultiplexer to a switch unit 240 is identified in FIG. 25 to FIG. 29 according to the indices (j, γ) of the edge node from which the wavelength channel originates. For example, wavelength channels, identified in FIG. 28 as channels 00C, 13D, 21E, and 34A, connecting wavelength demultiplexers 2840 to switch unit 240(2, 3) are upstream wavelength channels from edge nodes 160(0, 0), 160(1, 3), 160(2, 1), and 160(3, 4) of wavelength bands C, D, E, and A, respectively.

The wavelength-router configuration of FIG. 22 and FIG. 23 are based on four wavelength channels per edge node 160. An alternate configuration of wavelength routers 3025, individually identified as 3025(0) to 3025(4), is illustrated in FIG. 30 and FIG. 31 for interchanging wavelength channels of upstream WDM links originating from 25 edge nodes, where each upstream WDM link from a wavelength router to a switch plane carries five wavelength channels instead of four wavelength channels.

FIG. 32 illustrates a network 3200 comprising twenty edge nodes 160 (j,γ), 0≦j<4, 0≦γ<5, connecting to switch planes 120(p), 0≦p<Π=5, through primary wavelength routers 3220 and secondary wavelength routers 3240. The twenty edge nodes 160 are arranged into five groups. The first group comprises edge nodes 160(0,0), 160(1,0), 160(2,0), and 160(3,0). The second group comprises edge nodes 160(0,1), 160(1,1), 160(2,1), and 160(3,1), and so on. Five primary wavelength routers 3220(0) to 3220(4) route wavelength channels from upstream WDM links 440 to upstream WDM links 460 and wavelength channels from downstream WDM links 470 to downstream WDM links 450. Each switch plane 120(p), 0≦p<Π is associated with a secondary wavelength router 3240(p). FIG. 32 corresponds to the symmetrical connectivity pattern of FIG. 9.

Downstream wavelength channels from switch planes 120 are directed to edge nodes 160 through secondary wavelength routers 3240, downstream WDM links 470, primary wavelength routers 3220, and downstream WDM links 450.

FIG. 33 and FIG. 34 illustrate a network similar to the network of FIG. 32 but with asymmetrical upstream and downstream connectivity to each of switch planes 120(0) to 120(4) according to the connectivity pattern illustrated in FIG. 11. FIG. 33 depicts an upstream view of an asymmetrical network having asymmetrical upstream/downstream connections of edge nodes 160 to switch plane 120. The network comprises 20 edge nodes 160, five switch planes 120, five primary wavelength routers 3320 and five demultiplexer arrays 3340.

Each of five upstream wavelength routers 3320(0) to 3320(4) is associated with a corresponding group of edge nodes 160. Each upstream wavelength router 3320 receives a WDM link 440 from each edge node 160 in a respective edge-node group and distributes the wavelength channels to WDM links 460 as illustrated in FIG. 22 and FIG. 23. A demultiplexer array 3340(p) is associated with each switch plane 120(p) and demultiplexes each upstream WDM link 460 from a wavelength router 3320 into its constituent wavelength channels. The constituent wavelength channels (in separate fiber connectors) connect to inlet ports 322 of switch units 240 as illustrated in FIG. 25 to FIG. 29. Channels from outlet ports 326 of the switch units 240 of a switch plane 120 are multiplexed onto WDM links 470 which are directed to downstream wavelength routers 3420 (FIG. 34). The connection pattern of upstream wavelength routers 3320 is devised to connect upstream wavelength channels from edge nodes 160 to switch units 120 according to a predefined orthogonal-connection scheme.

FIG. 34 illustrates connections of downstream wavelength channels from switch planes 120 to edge nodes 160 through wavelength multiplexers 3440, downstream WDM links 470, downstream wavelength routers 3420, and downstream WDM links 450.

Switching Granularity

In a switched network, a source node may direct data it receives from several data sources to different sink nodes each supporting a number of data sinks. In a conventional data-transfer mode known as “circuit switching”, or “channel switching”, a path from a source node to a sink node comprising a channel from a source node to an intermediate node and a channel from the intermediate node to the sink node, possibly traversing channels between other intermediate nodes, may be reserved and held for a period of time, known as the holding time, sufficient to transfer intended data from the source node to the sink node. The path may carry data from a single data source or a number of data sources. This mode of data transfer was the first used in shared telecommunications networks, such as the telephone network where a path was typically held for a relatively long period of time. The significant increase in the capacity per channel, due to improved transmission technology, and the use of digital encoding led to the use of time-division-multiplexing (TDM) where a path from a source node to a sink node traversing a number of concatenated channels may be held during a time slot, or a number of time slots, in a cyclic time frame, for a number of successive time frames. During other time slots, the constituent channels of the path are released for possible participation in other paths. A data segment of a predetermined maximum size is transferred during a time slot. The TDM data-transfer mode is efficient when a large proportion of connections is of large duration, each occupying time slots in many successive time frames. With connections of shorter duration, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) may be employed. Like TDM, ATM transfers a data segment of a predetermined maximum size during a time slot. However, ATM need not recognize time-frame boundaries.

The network 100 may transfer data in different modes. However, transfer of data packets of varying and arbitrary lengths is of particular interest, given the dominance of the IP (Internet Protocol) which handles data packets of different and arbitrary sizes and which can yield an efficient network if limited to network access.

As described above with reference to FIG. 1, an edge node 160 has a number of ingress ports connecting to ingress channels carrying data from data sources, a number of egress ports connecting to egress channels carrying data to data sinks, a number of outbound ports connecting to upstream channels to switch planes 120, and a number of inbound ports connecting to downstream channels from switch planes 120. An ingress port may receive data packets of different sizes. The ingress port divides each data packet into packet segments of the same size which are switched within the edge node 160 to outbound ports and switched in selected switch planes 120 to destination edge nodes. An inbound port receives data segments from switch planes 120, switches the data segments to respective egress ports where data segments belonging to a source-sink connection are assembled into data packets and transmitted to respective data sinks.

Preferably, data from an edge node 160 to another edge node 160 is transferred in a TDM mode through at least one switch plane 120. The number of time slots per time frame allocated to a path traversing a switch plane 120 may be updated frequently as traffic patterns change. The aggregate data from an edge node 160 to another edge node is likely to comprise numerous source-sink connections and the aggregate flow rate is therefore likely to change slowly. Thus, the rate of updating the number of allocated time slots may be reduced; for example the mean update interval may be of the order of 20 time frames thus reducing the processing effort. However, the time-slot allocation may be updated every time frame if necessitated by very volatile temporal-spatial traffic variations. With the present state of the art, high-throughput schedulers can be devised to handle very high connection-setup rates. For example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/410,169, filed on Apr. 10, 2003, and titled “Scheduling in a Fast Optical Switch” discloses a scheduling system which uses pipelined scheduler modules to achieve a high throughput.

Thus, the fast-switching network core 110 is preferably shared according to conventional time-division multiplexing (TDM) mode. The switching granularity is determined by the number ν of time slots per time frame; the larger the number ν the finer the granularity.

The number ν of time slots per time frame is preferably at least equal to the maximum number of outer dual ports connecting each switch unit to a group of edge nodes 160. Thus, an upstream channel connecting to an inlet port of any switch unit 240 of a given switch plane 120 can distribute its carried load equally among all downstream channels connecting to any other switch unit 240 if so desired. Thus, with each switch unit 240 having a maximum of Q dual outer ports, the number ν has a lower bound of Q.

The duration of a time slot is dictated by the switching latency and should be an order of magnitude larger than the switching latency in order to reduce waste to an acceptable level. If the switching latency of a switch unit 240 is 40 nanoseconds, for example, then the time slot duration is preferably selected to on the order of one microsecond. The number ν has an upper bound determined by an acceptable delay at source where a signal arriving at any instant of time is held to be transmitted during its designated time slot which may be in a subsequent time frame. If a delay of 256 microseconds, for example, is acceptable, and with time slot duration of one microsecond, then a time frame of 256 time slots (ν=256) would be appropriate.

Switch-Plane Control

A network 100 may comprise centralized switch planes 120 each including collocated switch units 240. As such, each switch plane 120 may have a single time reference. Each outlet port of an edge node 160 has an upstream channel 141 to a switch plane and is adapted to time-lock to a master time indicator of the switch plane. If a switch plane 120 in a network 100 comprises geographically distributed switch units 240 where the propagation delay between any two switch units 240 of the distributed switch plane 120 is significant, then the use of a common time reference for all switch units of a switch plane would not be generally feasible and each edge node may then time-lock to individual switch units 240. In addition, a buffer would be needed at the inward port of each switch unit 240 in order to provide an artificial delay to align incoming signals from other switch units of the switch plane according to the time reference of the each switch unit 240.

Centralized Switch Plane

FIG. 35 illustrates a switch plane 120(p) comprising collocated switch units 240(k,p), 0≦k<5 (G=5), 0≦p<Π, in a network 100 comprising Π switch planes 120, where each switch plane 120 comprises a switch-plane controller 3580. The switch-plane controller 3580 may be communicatively coupled to one or more switch units 240. In the exemplary configuration of FIG. 35, the switch-plane controller 3580 is connected to switch units 240(2, p) and 240(3,p). Controller 3580 may connect to at least one dual outer port (an inlet port 322 and an outlet port 326) of switch unit 240(3,p), thus reducing by 1 the number of edge nodes 160 that can access the switch plane. Controller 3580 may also connect to a dual outer port in each of two or more switch units 240 of the same switch plane. Preferably, Controllers 3580 of all switch planes 120(p), 0≦p<Π, may occupy switch units 240(k, p) with the same index k for ease of addressing. For example, controller 3580 may connect to a dual outer port of each of switch units 240(0, p), 0≦p<Π. Each switch unit 240 has an outward channel 251 to each other switch unit. The switch-plane controller 3580 may connect to more than one dual port of switch unit 240(3,p) through dual channels 3588/3589. Each switch unit 240 supports a group of edge nodes and receives control signals from the edge nodes 160 during non-overlapping time slots. Each switch unit 240 transmits control signals to switch unit 240(3,p) during reserved time slots. The control signals are switched during respective reserved time slots in switch unit 240(3,p) to be multiplexed onto channels 3588. If the number of edge nodes 160 per switch plane 120 is smaller than the number ν of time slots per time frame, a single channel 3588 may suffice and all control signals received from all edge nodes would be received at the switch plane during non-overlapping time slots. If the number of edge nodes 160 connecting to the switch plane 120 is larger than ν, then more than one control channel 3588 would be needed. For example, in a switch plane 120 having 32 switch units, with each switch unit supporting 32 edge nodes to a total of 1024 edge nodes, four control channels 3588 would be needed. At most 256 edge nodes connecting to eight switch units may coordinate their control signals to occupy a time frame of 256 time slots. The control signals are transmitted to switch-plane controller 3580 through one of the four control channels 3588.

FIG. 36 illustrates a control system for a centralized switch plane 120. Switch-plane controller 3580, communicatively coupled to switch unit 240(3,p), exchanges control signals with edge nodes 160 connecting to all switch units 240 of the switch plane during reserved time-slots. An optical-to-electrical and electrical-to-optical conversion unit 3686 converts optical control signals received at switch unit 240(3,p) into electrical signals for processing in the electronic switch-plane controller 3580 and converts electrical control signals from the switch-plane controller 3580 to optical control signals to be transported to the edge nodes. Switch-plane controller 3580 also communicates, preferably through dedicated links 3620, with a configuration controller 384 of each of the switch units 240 of the switch plane. Control signals from edge nodes connecting to switch unit 240(3,p) are switched through switch unit 240(3,p) to the switch-plane controller 3580. Control signals from the switch-plane controller 3580 to edge nodes connecting to switch unit 240(3,p) are switched through switch unit 240(3,p) to respective edge nodes. Control signals from an edge node 160 connecting to switch unit 240(0,p) are switched through switch unit 240(0,p) then through switch unit 240(3,p) to switch-plane controller 3580. Control signals from the switch-plane controller 3580 to edge nodes connecting to switch unit 240(0,p) are switched through switch unit 240(3,p) then switch unit 240(0,p). Control signals from and to switch units 240(1,p), 240(2,p), and 240(4,p) are likewise switched during reserved time slots. Switch-plane controller 3580 also transmits switch-fabric configuration instructions to configuration controllers (slave controllers) 384 (FIG. 3) associated with the switch units 240 of the switch plane to set the connectivity of the switch fabric of each of the switch units 240.

Channel 3588 carries time-multiplexed control signals from all edge nodes 160 connected to the switch plane 120 and a channel 3589 carries time-multiplexed control signals to all edge nodes 160 connected to the switch plane 120. In general more than one control channel in either direction may be employed. Time-locking circuitry 3682 associated with the switch-plane controller 3580 is operative to ensure time alignment of each edge node 160 with controller 3580, hence with every switch unit 240 in the centralized switch plane because controller 3580 is collocated with the centralized switch plane.

Each switch unit 240 connects to a number of dual channels each dual channel comprising an upstream channel from an edge node 160 and a downstream channel to another edge node or to the same edge node. In one embodiment, one time slot per time frame, called an upstream control time slot, is allocated in each upstream channel and one downstream control time slot per time frame is allocated in each downstream channel. The allocated control time slots of all upstream channels are selected to arrive at the (bufferless) switch plane at non-coincident time slots so that they can be directed to a single control channel. If the number of time slots in the time frame is less than the number of upstream channels received at the switch plane, then more than one control channel from the host switch unit 240(3,p) to the switch plane controller 3580 may be used. Likewise, the allocated time slots in the downstream channels are arranged so that none of the downstream control time slots along control channels 3588 from the switch-plane controller to the host switch unit 240(3,p) coincides with another downstream control time slot.

FIG. 37 illustrates control time slots 3720, in a predefined slotted time frame 3700, corresponding to the switch plane 120 of FIG. 35 in which each switch unit 240 has four upstream channels and four downstream channels. The positions of the control time slots 3720, correspond to edge nodes 160 connecting to a switch unit 240, as they appear at the switch plane 240, are illustrated. Notably, this is realized with the edge nodes time-locked to the switch plane. The illustrated pattern is one of numerous other arrangements that can be devised. The control time slots in the downstream directions are likewise allocated. The time slots 3730 used for payload signals are dynamically allocated according to traffic patterns.

The control time slots in a case where two control channels 3588 are provided is illustrated in FIG. 38. The two control channels 3588 may connect to different switch units 240. In general, more than one control channel may be used and connect to different switch units 240 of a switch plane 120. The patterns of FIG. 37 and FIG. 38 may apply in both the upstream and downstream directions.

Collocated Switch Planes

In a wide-coverage network, switch planes 120(p), 0≦p<Π, are preferably geographically distributed in order to reduce the lengths of links connecting the switch planes to the edge nodes. It may be desirable, however, that two or more switch planes be collocated; collocated switch planes may have separate switch-plane controllers or a common multi-plane controller. Alternatively, in an extreme case, all the switch planes 120(p), 0≦p<Π, together with the edge nodes 160, may be collocated to form a high-capacity switching node. In such a case, the edge nodes may have individual channels to the switch planes and the use of upstream and downstream wavelength routers (FIGS. 32-34) would not be needed. With collocated edge nodes 160 and switch planes 120, the switch planes preferably comprise electronic switch units.

FIG. 39 illustrates two collocated switch planes, 120(0) and 120(1), having a multi-plane controller 3985. Switch plane 120(0) comprises five switch units 240(0,0), 240(1,0), 240(2,0), 240(3,0), and 240(4,0) and switch plane 120(1) comprises five switch units 240(0,1), 240(1,1), 240(2,1), 240(3,1), and 240(4,1). Multi-plane controller 3985 has a dual control channel 3988 to each of switch units 240(0,0), 240(3,0), 240(3,1), and 240(4,1). As indicated earlier, switch unit 240(k,p) is a switch unit in position k, 0≦k<G in switch plane p, 0≦p<Π.

Switch Plane with Distributed Switch Units

An advantage of a centralized switch plane is the ease of time alignment and simpler scheduling and control. A centralized switch plane permits exchange of optical signals among its switch units 240 without the need to compensate for differential propagation delay. Thus, a time-slotted signal can be transferred virtually simultaneously from an upstream channel in one switch unit 240 to a downstream channel in another switch unit 240 without disturbing the temporal order of the signal.

It may be desirable, however, to locate the switch units 240 of a switch plane near the traffic sources and sinks. If specific edge nodes homing on a switch unit exchange a significant portion of payload signals directly, then it would be advantageous to locate the switch unit closer to the specific edge nodes to form a distributed switch plane. A distributed switch plane, however, has two disadvantages. Firstly, time alignment at the inward ports of a switch unit 240 may not be realizable without a buffer, which may force the use of optical-electrical-optical conversion, and secondly, each switch unit 240 in the distributed switch plane would need a separate controller.

As described above, the switch units 240 of each switch plane 120 may be collocated to enable proper timing of optical signals crossing any two switch units. In an alternate embodiment, the switch units of any switch plane may be distributed. FIG. 40 illustrates a distributed switch plane 4020 where the switch units 240 may be separated by significant distances resulting in significant differential propagation delay which would render time-alignment of paths traversing two optical (bufferless) switch units unrealizable. Each switch unit has an outward channel 4051 to each other switch unit and the propagation delays along outward channels 4051 may differ significantly. Instead of using a single switch-plane controller in a distributed switch plane, each switch unit 240 may have its own switch-unit controller 4090 which performs a scheduling function within the switch unit. To simplify the drawing, only one switch-unit controller 4090 associated with switch unit 240(3,p) is illustrated. A timing-rescheduling unit 4045 is provided at each inward port of each switch unit 240 of a distributed switch plane 240. Optical signals received from an inward channel (which is an outward channel from another switch unit 240 of the same switch plane) is processed, at optical-to-electrical interface 4035 to detect the baseband data. The baseband data may be queued in a respective timing and rescheduling unit 4045 according to respective destination edge nodes 160 and switched, after modulating an optical carrier in electronic-to-optical interface 4055, through a respective switch unit 240 towards the edge nodes. All timing-rescheduling units 4045 at inward ports of a switch unit 240 of a distributed switch plane are time-locked to a time indicator of the switch unit.

FIG. 41 illustrates the connectivity of a switch-unit controller 4090 in a distributed switch plane 4020 to timing-rescheduling units 4045 and edge-node controllers (not illustrated). Each inward port of a switch unit 240 in a geographically distributed switch plane is preceded by an optical-to-electrical conversion interface 4035, a timing-rescheduling unit 4045, and an electrical-to-optical conversion unit 4055 which may be collocated with the switch unit 240. A temporal multiplexer 4182 multiplexes control data carried by inter-switch-unit channels 4051 and transfers the time multiplexed control data to the switch-unit controller 4090. Control data from the switch-unit controller 4090 are demultiplexed in a temporal demultiplexer 4183 which directs the demultiplexed control data to respective timing-rescheduling units 4045 for delivery to respective destination switch units 240 from which control data is delivered to respective destination edge nodes.

FIG. 42 illustrates connectivity of edge nodes to switch planes 4020 having geographically distributed switch units 240. A primary wavelength router 4225 connects a group of edge nodes 160 to secondary wavelength routers 4235 which distributes channels from each edge node 160 to switch units 240 of different switch planes 4020.

Network Coverage

The maximum number of edge nodes 160 that can be connected to the network core 110 corresponds to a configuration where each edge has only one upstream channel to each switch plane 120 and one downstream channel from each switch plane 120. With G switch units 240 per switch plane 120, Q inlet ports, and Q outlet ports per switch unit, the network coverage Ω, which is the maximum number of edge nodes 160 that can be supported by the network core 110, is determined as Ω=G×Q. For example with G=137 and Q=119, the network core may support up to 16303 edge nodes.

Network Capacity

The Access capacity of network 100, i.e., the capacity available to all data sources is determined as C=R×G×Q×Π, where R is the capacity of an inlet port or an outlet port of a switch unit 240, and is Π the number of switch planes 120 as defined earlier. For example with R=10 gigabits per second, G=137, Q=119, and Π=100, the network may support up to 16303 edge nodes with a maximum capacity of approximately 16.3 petabits per second.

Electronic Core

The network core 110 comprises fast switch units 240, i.e., switch units with a negligibly small switching latency. The switch units 240 preferably use optical switch fabrics in order to eliminate the need for optical-to-electrical conversion and vice versa. It is also desirable that the individual switch fabrics be nonblocking and contention free to simplify connection setup through the core 110. Furthermore, it is desirable to avoid traffic-management at the core and manage traffic entirely at the edge nodes. This precludes queueing control data or payload data at the switch units 240.

Currently, a fast-switching optical switch unit 240 may be limited to a number N of dual ports of the order of 256; i.e., a dimension of 256×256. The N dual ports may be divided into (G−1) inner dual ports connecting to other switch units 240 and Q outer dual ports connecting to edge nodes 160. Each switch unit 240 may also have a switch-unit controller connecting to a dual port. Selecting G and Q to equal 137 and 119, respectively, the network coverage would be limited to Ω=16303 edge nodes, which is quite adequate for continental coverage. A larger coverage may be needed for global coverage. This can be realized using electronic space switches in the core. Electronic space switches may be devised as instantaneous space switches or latent space switch. An instantaneous space switch provides switching with negligible switch delay. A latent space switch includes time-alignment buffers which result in a deterministic delay.

A latent space switch is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,492. The latent space switch, illustrated in FIG. 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,492, comprises a first rotator 20, a bank of memory devices 18, and a second rotator 22, and is used to switch data from input buffers 12 to output buffers 16 (reference numerals 12, 16, 18, 20, and 22 relate to U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,492).

The latent switch scales gracefully to very high dimensions. Using latent space switches as the switching fabrics of switch units 240 permits constructing a network 100 of very high coverage and capacity. A disadvantage of using an electronic core is the requirement of an optical-to-electrical converter at each inlet port of each switch unit 240 and an electrical-to-optical converter at each outlet port of each switch unit 240. A network 100 based on latent space switches in the core is still significantly simpler and more efficient in comparison with other prior-art configurations. For example, using latent space switch of dimension 1024×1024 (N=1024), and selecting G, and Q to be 531 and 493, respectively, the network coverage Ω would exceed 260000 edge nodes. Selecting Π to equal 500, and with R=10 gigabits per second, the network capacity exceeds 1300 petabits per second. Such a high capacity is several orders of magnitude higher than the capacity of the current Internet. However, it is realized in a network 100 in which a connection from one edge node 160 to another traverses only one switch plane 120 which is basically a core node of large dimension.

Addressing and Routing

Each edge node 160 may support a large number of terminals; one million terminals for example. A terminal may function as a traffic source and a traffic sink. To send a data unit from a first terminal, functioning as a traffic source, to a second terminal, functioning as a traffic sink, an address need be associated with each terminal. In a simple addressing scheme, a terminal may derive its address from an edge node 160 to which it is connected, and an edge node may derive its address from a switch unit 240 to which it is connected in the downstream direction. An edge node 160 has a number of outbound ports connecting to upstream outbound channels directed to switch planes 120 and a number of inbound ports terminating downstream inbound channels to switch planes. In a referred embodiment, an edge node 160 connects to each switch plane 120, at least in the downstream direction. Thus, each inbound port has a downstream channel from each switch plane 120. A switch plane has fast switch units 240 interconnected in a full mesh structure as illustrated in FIG. 2. Each switch unit 240 may be assigned a relative index within its switch plane. To simplify addressing, and consequently simplify routing, the inbound ports of an edge node 160 connect, through downstream channels, to fast switch units 240 of the same index in all the switch planes 120. However, the outbound ports of an edge node 160 may connect, through upstream channels, to fast-switch units of different indices in different switch planes. Each switch unit 240 in each switch plane 120 need only be aware of the identity of the edge node connecting to each of its outlet ports through a downstream wavelength channel.

The Q outlet ports 326 of each switch unit 240 are preferably indexed as 0 to (Q−1) and the Q inlet ports 322 are preferably likewise indexed. As described earlier, the inbound ports of each edge node 160 preferably connects to outlet channels from switch units 240(k,p), 0≦p<Π, of the same first index k in all the Π switch planes. For example, an edge node may connect to switch units 240(2, 0), 240(2, 1), 240(2,2), 240(2,3), and 240(2,4) in the five switch planes of the exemplary network considered in FIG. 11. The downstream connection of each edge node to switch units 240(k,p) of the same index k in all switch planes greatly simplifies routing within network 100. To further simplify addressing, each edge node may also connect to likewise indexed outlet ports of the designated switch units. Thus, the address of a terminal may include two parts. The first part of the address is the relative identifier k of the switch unit 240(k,p) to which an inbound port of the destination edge node 160 supporting the terminal is connected. The second part of the address relates to the relative position of the terminal within an access network connected to the destination edge node. A connection request need only specify an identifier of a destination edge node (sink node) and a local identifier of the sink terminal within its parent edge node. The identifier of a sink node (destination edge node) may be a simple concatenation of an index k of a switch unit 240(k,p) and an index of an outlet port 326 within the switch unit 240. An edge node 160 need only store information about switch-plane preference for each destination edge node (sink node). Most importantly, storage of a routing table at each edge node 160 may be avoided.

As described above with reference to FIG. 37 and FIG. 38, each edge node 160 has a dedicated (reserved) upstream control time slot to the switch-plane controller 3580 of each switch plane 120 and a dedicated downstream control time slot from each switch-plane controller 3580. Thus, each switch plane controller 3580 may associate each upstream control time slot with a source edge node and each downstream control time slot with a destination edge node. More specifically, a controller 3580 of a switch plane 120(p) may associate each upstream control time slot with the relative index k₁ of a switch unit 240(k ₁,p) connecting to the source edge node and the relative inlet port index χ₁ in the switch unit. The controller 3580 may also associate each downstream control time slot with the relative index k₂ of the destination switch unit 240(k ₂,p) which connects to the destination edge node specified in the connection request, and the relative outlet-port index χ₂ in the destination switch unit 240.

In operation, a source edge node 160 receives a connection request from a source specifying a destination terminal. The request includes the address of a destination terminal and a specified number of time slots per time frame. The source edge node then selects one of the switch planes 120 and sends the connection request over a respective upstream control time slot to the controller 3580 of the selected switch plane. The switch-plane selection may be based on a preference order, some load balancing strategy, or both.

The controller 3580 of the selected switch plane 120 parses the address of the destination terminal to extract the first part of the address, which is an identifier of the destination edge node that supports the destination terminal. The identifier of the destination edge node is simply a concatenation of the first index k₂ of the destination switch unit 240(k ₂,p) and a relative index η of the outlet port 326 connecting to the destination edge node. The controller 3580 may also recognize the position of the upstream control time slot within the time frame and, hence, identify the relative index k₁ of origination switch unit and the relative inlet port χ connecting to the source edge node. If k₁=k₂, the controller performs a first-order time-slot matching process to allocate a sufficient number of time slots per time frame as specified in the connection request. The first-order time-slot matching process requires examining occupancy states of inlet port χ and outlet port η of switch unit 240(k ₁,p). If k₁ is not equal to k₂, the switch-plane controller 3580 performs a second-order time-slot-matching process which requires examining occupancy states of inlet port χ of switch unit 240(k ₁,p), outlet port η of switch unit 240(k ₂,p), and outward channel 252 connecting switch unit 240(k ₁,p) to switch unit 240(k ₂,p). The result of the time-slot matching process (first-order or second-order) is a list of time slots during which the source edge node is permitted to transmit. An empty list indicates rejection of the connection request.

The switch-plane controller may then directly communicate the result of the time-slot-matching process (first order or second order) to the originating source edge node by transmitting a message during the downstream control time slot corresponding to the originating edge node. As described earlier, the source edge nodes and sink edge nodes are paired into integrated edge nodes and the edge nodes preferably have asymmetrical upstream and downstream connectivity to the switch planes 120. Naturally, the source edge node needs the result to either transmit during the allocated time slot or to abandon the request. The switch-plane controller may also directly communicate the result to the destination edge node if so desired.

Preferably, each edge node 160 may store an order of preference of switch planes 120(p), 0≦p<Π, for each destination edge node based on a merit value. A switch plane at which the source edge node and the destination edge node connect to the same switch unit 240, hence requiring a simple first-order time-slot matching process, may be of highest preference. The preference order may also be based on the proximity of the source edge node and/or the destination edge node to a switch plane 120.

The above considers addressing within the network of the present invention. Such a network may, however, connect to legacy networks, preferably through dedicated edge nodes in which case addresses associated with the legacy network can be mapped onto global-network addresses.

The asymmetrical connectivity of edge nodes to core nodes has been detailed for a first pattern where inbound ports of each edge node connect to likewise numbered fast switch units 240 in each switch plane 120, while the outbound ports of any edge node may connect to fast switch units 240 of different identifiers in their respective switch planes 120. As stated earlier, a second pattern of asymmetrical connectivity may be used with the outbound ports of each edge node connecting to likewise numbered fast switch units 240 in each switch plane 120, while the inbound ports of any edge node connecting to fast switch units 240 of different identifiers in their respective switch planes 120. However, the first connectivity pattern is preferred because it simplifies addressing and routing throughout the network.

FIG. 43 illustrates data structures maintained by a switch-plane controller 3580 of the switch plane 120 of FIG. 35 for facilitating connection setup and control in accordance with the present invention. The data structures are virtually static; their entries may be updated only after addition, removal, or rearrangement of channels between a switch unit 240 and an edge node 160. An array 4312 corresponds to a control channel 3588 from an outlet port of a switch-unit 240 to controller 3580. As described earlier with reference to FIG. 37 and FIG. 38, an upstream control time slot is reserved in each outbound channel from each edge node 160 for direct communication with a controller 3580 of each switch plane 120. Array 4312 has a number of cells 4314 equal to the number ν of time slots per time frame 4350 with each cell storing an identifier (j,γ) of a source edge node 160(j,γ) which transmits control signals to the switch-plane controller 3580 during a corresponding reserved time slot. For example, the cell 4314 corresponding to time slot 0 stores the parameters (0,2) of edge node 160(0,2) from which a control signal is received at the switch-plane controller 3580 during each time slot 0 of each time frame 4350. The number ν of time slots per time frame preferably exceeds 128 and, hence, the control overhead consumes less than 0.01 of the network capacity. An array 4316, also having a number of cells 4318 equal to the number ν of time slots per time frame, stores in each cell 4318 an identifier (x,y) of an inlet port 322 of a switch unit 240, in switch plane 120(p), to which source edge node 160(j,γ) connects, where x is a relative inlet-port number, 0≦x<Q, of a switch unit 240(y,p), 0≦y<G.

A matrix 4370 (4370A or 4370B) having a number of rows equal to the maximum number Q of edge nodes per edge-node group and a number of columns equal to the maximum number G of edge node groups stores identifiers 4375 of reserved control time slot in the downstream direction. Each entry corresponding to row j, 0≦j<Q and column k, 0≦k<G, stores an identifier of a reserved control time slot in an outlet port 326 of relative position j in switch unit 240(k,p) having an outlet channel to edge node 160(j,γ). If the downstream control signals occupy consecutive time slots in the time frame, then the time slot identifier 4375 corresponding to edge node 160(j,γ) may be determined from the expression: (Δ+j+γ×Q)_(modulo ν), where Δ is an arbitrary offset in the range 0≦Δ<ν. Matrix 4370A illustrates the case of Δ=0, and matrix 4370B illustrates the control-time-slot assignments with Δ=20. Other schemes for allocating downstream control time slots to outlet ports 326 of a switch unit 240 may be devised. Preferably, the downstream control time slots are selected to bear some rational relationship to outlet ports 326 and yield simple expressions for computing identifiers of control time slots so that matrix 4370 would not be needed. However, a matrix 4370 may be provided if it is desired to use arbitrary assignments of downstream control time slots.

FIG. 44 illustrates exemplary control signals 4480 received during an upstream control time slot. Five control signals 4480, individually identified as 4480A, 4480B, 4480C, 4480D, and 4480E, are illustrated. As described above, a source edge node 160 corresponding to each time slot is identified from array 4312. A control signal 4480 may have a first field 4481 indicating a purpose (type) of the signal, a field 4482 identifying a destination edge node 160(k,p) in a connection request, a field 4483 indicating a number of time slots per time frame required for a connection, a field 4484 containing an indication of a time at which the control signal has been sent from the respective edge node, a field 4485 contains a cyclic connection number provided by the switch-plane controller 3580, a field 4486 contains an identifier of a terminal within a local access network connected to the destination edge node identified in field 4482. Other fields may also be provided for a variety of purposes including, for example, service quality specification. Fields 4482 and 4486 define the destined terminal. As described above, the address of a terminal may include a first part and a second part. The first part is used by a switch-plane controller 3580 of a switch plane 120(p) for determining the relative identifier k of the switch unit 240(k,p) which has a downstream channel to the destination edge node supporting the destined terminal (a downstream channel from a switch plane is also an inbound channel to the edge node). The second part identifies the destined terminal within a local-access network connecting to the destination edge node.

The type of a control signal is set to 0 (in field 4481) if an edge node has no control data to send and the signal is ignored by the switch-plane controller. A mark ‘φ’ (an arbitrary distinguishable designation) in any field in a signal 4480 is an indication that the content of the field is irrelevant.

An edge node controller sets a control signal type to equal 1 if the signal is a request for a connection. The edge-node controller then provides the entries in fields 4482 and 4483. A time indication in field 4484 may be sent periodically, every second for example, for time-locking purposes. A control signal may include a null entry in field 4484. The cyclic connection number of field 4485 is provided by the switch-plane controller 3580 for tracking a successful connection request. The cyclic number is preferably specific to each outlet port 326 of a switch unit 240, hence to each destination edge node 160. Cyclic numbers may be allocated in a simple manner. Considering that a specific outlet channel may simultaneously support no more than 2¹⁶ connections, for example, then a corresponding 16-bit word may be increased by 1 every time a connection from any inlet port of a switch-plane 120(p) is routed to the specific outlet port 326.

An edge-node controller (not illustrated) sets a control-signal type to 2 to terminate (release) a connection. The cyclic number of field 4485 must then be provided to enable the switch-plane controller to identify the time-slots to be released and perform other connection-release steps.

An edge-node controller sets a connection type to 3 if the control signal provides only a sending-time indication for maintaining, or resetting, time locking to the master time indicator of the switch plane. Time indications may be sent in type-1 or type-2 control signals with a type-1 or type-2 designations (field 4481). However, a type-3 control signals may be needed to ensure proper time locking even when there are no traffic activities (new arrivals or departures) over an extended period of time.

Illustrated type-1 control signal 4480A is received from edge-node 160(0,2) during time-slot 0 to setup a connection to destination edge-node 160(2,4) as indicated in field 4482. As indicated in arrays 4312 and 4316, the entries 4314 and 4318 corresponding to time slot 0 of the time frame 4350 are (0,2) and (0,0), respectively. Thus, an outbound channel from edge node 160(0,2) connects to inlet port 0 of switch unit 240(0,p). The connection requires two time slots per time frame as indicated in field 4483. As such, the requested connection is to be established from inlet port 322 of relative position 0 of switch unit 240(0,p) to outlet port 326 of relative position 2 of switch unit 240(4,p). The connection traverses switch unit 240(0,p), an outward channel 251(0,4), and switch unit 240(4,p). Allocating each of the required two time slots per time frame requires a second-order time-slot matching process which examines the vacancy of inlet port 0 of switch unit 240(0,p), outward channel 251(0,4), and outlet port 326 in relative position 2 of switch unit 240(4,p). The sending time, as read from a cyclic time indicator associated with the edge-node controller, is given in field 4484 as 80462109. Time-locking of the source edge node to the master time indicator of switch plane 120 is assured when the time reading of field 4484 equals a reading of the cyclic master time indicator at the time the control signal is received at the switch-plane controller. A master cyclic time indicator associated with a switch plane and the cyclic time indicator associated with an edge-node controller have the same duration and granularity.

Type-0 control signal 4480B received from source node 160(1,4) is ignored by the switch-plane controller 3580.

Type-1 control signal 4480C received from source edge node 160(2,1) during time slot 2 requests a connection to edge node 160(2,0). As indicated in arrays 4312 and 4316, the entries 4314 and 4318 corresponding to time slot 2 of the time frame 4350 are (2,1) and (2,0), respectively. Accordingly, an outbound channel from edge node 160(2,1) connects to inlet port 2 of switch unit 240(0,p). The connection requires four time slots per time frame (field 4483). As such, the requested connection is to be established from inlet port 322 of relative position 2 of switch unit 240(0,p) to outlet port 326 of relative position 2 of the same switch unit 240(0,p). Allocating each of the required four time slots per time frame requires a first-order time-slot matching process which examines the vacancy of inlet port 322 of relative position 2 of switch unit 240(0,p) and outlet port 326 of relative position 2 of the same switch unit 240(0,p). The sending time (as read from a cyclic time indicator associated with the edge-node controller) is given in field 4484 as 00842120. This value is used for assuring time locking as described above.

Type 2 control signal 4480D received from source edge node 160(2,2) is a request to terminate (release) a connection that was given a cyclic number 00898 (field 4485). The signal also carries source time indicator 58090899 in field 4484 for maintaining time-locking of the source edge node 160(2,2) to the master time indicator of the switch-plane controller 3580. The content of fields 4882 and 4883 are not needed for terminating the connection because the switch-plane controller holds all necessary information related to a connection in progress. However, providing the information in fields 4882 and 4883 of a type-2 control signal is useful in ensuring the control-system sanity.

Type 3 control signal 4480E received from source edge node 160(3,0) during upstream control time slot 11 is used only for continued time locking of the source edge node to the master time indicator of the master switch-plane controller 3580. The switch plane controller uses array 4312 to recognize the sending edge node with which it associated the time indication in field 4484. Providing the corresponding connection cyclic number in field 4485 is not required but it may be useful in ascertaining system sanity.

FIG. 45 illustrates a vacancy-state matrix 4520 which keeps track of the number of vacant time slots per time frame per outlet port of switch-plane 120(p). Matrix 4520 may be used for a quick initial decision regarding establishing a connection. For example, if the number of vacant time slots in an outlet port 326 of a switch unit 240, as indicated in an entry 4540, is below a predefined value, the request for the connection may be rejected without performing a time-slot matching process. It is noted, however, that creation or use of matrix 4520 is optional.

FIG. 46 illustrates vacancy-state matrices associated with each switch unit 240(k,p) in a switch-plane 120(p) for use in time-slot-matching processes. Vacancy matrices for switch units 240(0,p), 240(2,p), and 240(4,p) of switch plane 120 are illustrated. Each switch unit 240(k,p) has at most a number Q of inlet ports, at most a number Q of outlet ports, and at most a number (G−1) of outward channels 251(k,L), 0≦L<G, k≠L, connecting outward ports of switch unit 240(k,p) to switch units 240(L,p). For example switch unit 240(2,p) has four outward channels 251(3,p), 251(4,p), 251(0,p), and 251(1,p) to switch units 240(3,p), 240(4,p), 240(0,p), and 240(1,p), respectively.

The vacancy-state matrices associated with a switch unit 240(k,p) comprise three matrices 4612, 4614, and 4616. Each has a number of rows equal to the number of time slots per time frame. The illustrated matrices correspond to a time frame having 128 time slots indexed as 0 to 127. Matrix 4612 has a number of columns equal to Q each corresponding to an inlet port 322 of a switch unit 240. The inlet ports 322 are identified by relative indices 0, 1, . . . , (Q−1), indicated in header 4622; Q=4 in the illustrated example. Matrix 4614 has a column corresponding to each outlet port 326. The outlet ports are identified by the relative indices 0, 1, . . . , (Q−1), indicated in header 4624. Matrix 4616 has a number of columns equal to (G−1), coincidentally equal to 4. Each column indicates the vacancy state of an outward channel 251(k, L), 0≦L<G, L≠k, with the index L identified in header 4626. In actual implementation of matrix 4616, it may be desirable to provide G columns instead of (G−1) columns, with one column being unused, for ease of memory addressing. It is noted that the maximum number of inlet ports need not equal the number of outlet ports in any switch unit 240(k,p). For example, the number outlet ports may exceed the number of inlet ports if the network serves a significant volume of multi-cast traffic.

A connection from an inlet port 322 to an outlet port 326 of the same switch unit requires examining the vacancy state of one column in a respective matrix 4612 and a column in a respective matrix 4614 corresponding to the same switch unit. A connection requiring one time slot per time frame from an inlet port 2 to an outlet port 3 of switch unit 240(4,p) is illustrated where respective entries 4632 and 4634 were fund to be vacant during time slot τ=6.

A connection from inlet port 2 of switch unit 240(0,p) to outlet port 1 of switch unit 240(2,p), requiring two time slots per time frame, is illustrated. Establishing the connection requires examining the vacancy states of a column corresponding to inlet port 2 in matrix 4612 corresponding to switch unit 240(0,p), a column corresponding to outward channel 251(0,2) in matrix 4616 corresponding to the same switch unit 240(0,p), and a column corresponding to outlet port 1 in matrix 4614 corresponding to switch unit 240(2,p). As illustrated, two time slots τ=51 and τ=124 during each of which corresponding entries 4632, 4636, and 4634 were vacant may be allocated to the connection.

Connection Setup

An edge node receives a connection request (control signal 4480A) from a source specifying a terminal and a required number of time slots per time frame (an edge node receiving the request is herein called a source edge node). The source edge node may have several upstream channels each originating from an outbound port of the source edge node and terminating on an inlet port 322 of a switch unit 240 in a switch plane 120(p). Each outbound port of the edge node has one upstream channel to a specific switch plane 120(p) and has a slave time indicator which time locks, through an exchange of time indicators, to the master time indicator of the specific switch plane 120(p).

The edge node may then select one of the switch planes (i.e., select one of its outbound ports) to setup the connection. The selection of a switch plane may be based on several criteria such as proximity or the simplicity of setting-up the connection. An edge node may store an array indicating a relative distance from the edge node to each other edge node through each switch plane. Such a list may be large and it may suffice to list only a small number of preferred switch planes for each destination edge node. An edge node may also store a matrix indicating the switch planes 120 which permit direct connection to each-other edge node. A direct connection through a switch plane refers to a connection traversing only one switch unit 240 which is feasible only when the source edge node and destination edge node connect to a common switch unit 240.

FIG. 47 illustrates a matrix of orthogonal source sets where source sets of each row are mutually disjoint and source sets of each column are mutually disjoint.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary connectivity pattern of a network 100 having five switch planes 120, each switch plane having five switch units 240 to a total of 25 switch units, the network supporting 20 source nodes and 20 sink nodes, where each source node is paired with a sink node to form an edge node. The source node and sink node of an edge node may share an edge-node controller and may also share a switching fabric. As illustrated in FIG. 11, the source nodes of the network of FIG. 1 are arranged into sets of source nodes and sets of sink nodes. A set of source nodes is also called a source set and a set of sink nodes is also called a sink set. The source sets may have different numbers of source nodes and the sink sets may have different numbers of sink nodes. However, in the arrangement of FIG. 11, each source set includes four source nodes and each sink set includes four sink nodes. As such the number of source sets is 20!/(16!×4!); that is 4845 source sets. There are 25 switch units in the network having the connectivity pattern of FIG. 11 and each switch unit connects to a selected source set. Thus, 25 source sets are selected. Any five disjoint source sets collectively encompass all of the 20 source nodes. It is desirable that each source node connect to a switch unit in each switch plane, or equivalently that each switch plane connect to all source nodes. Thus, five disjoint source sets connect to a switch plane. It is also desirable that the selected 25 source sets be mutually orthogonal. As defined earlier, any two sets are said to be orthogonal if the two sets have a number of common elements (common source nodes) not exceeding a predefined upper bound. Disjoint sets are also orthogonal sets, but not vice versa. The upper bound may be two elements so that, if each source set has 128 elements, any two sets having 2, 1, or 0 common elements (common source nodes) are considered to be orthogonal. The minimum upper bound is 1. In the connectivity pattern of FIG. 11, the source sets of a same switch plane 120 are disjoint, the source sets of each column, corresponding to switch units 240 of a same index in each switch plane, are disjoint, and all the 25 source sets are mutually orthogonal.

FIG. 47 presents the connectivity pattern of FIG. 11 in a concise form. The source sets connecting to a switch plane 120(p), 0≦p<Π, are referenced as 4710(0, p) to 4710(4, p). Source sets 4710(0, p) to 4710(4, p), connecting to switch units 240 of a specific switch plane 120(p) and collectively referenced as disjoint source sets 4720(p), are mutually disjoint (and, hence, mutually orthogonal). Source sets 4710(k, 0) to 4710(k, 4), connecting to switch units 240 of different switch planes 120 and having a same index k within each switch plane, are mutually disjoint and are collectively referenced as disjoint sets 4740(k). Any two source sets connecting to switch units 240 of different switch planes (different rows) and having different relative indices are orthogonal but not necessarily disjoint.

FIG. 48 illustrates identifiers of the source nodes and sink nodes of the network having the connectivity of FIG. 11 where the source nodes are arranged into five groups each having a set of four source nodes. Rather than identifying a source node (or a sink node) according to a group number and a relative number within a group, as indicated in FIG. 11, the source nodes are indexed sequentially and referenced as 4860(0) to 4860(19) and the sink nodes are indexed sequentially and referenced as 4862(0) to 4862(19)

FIG. 49 is similar to FIG. 5 and illustrates switch units arranged into five switch planes where each switch unit is identified as 240(k, p) according to a switch plane 120(p) and a relative index, k, within the switch plane.

FIG. 50 illustrates the connectivity pattern of FIG. 11 using the source node identifiers and sink node identifiers of FIG. 48. It is straightforward to verify that all source sets are mutually orthogonal. Source sets of each switch plane 120 are disjoint and source sets connecting to switch units 240 of a same index within respective switch planes are disjoint. The sink sets connecting to switch units of a same switch plane 120 are disjoint and the sink sets connecting to switch units of a same index within respective switch planes are identical.

FIG. 51 illustrates an alternative source-node connectivity pattern with disjoint source sets connecting to switch units of a same switch plane and disjoint source sets connecting to switch units of a same index within respective switch planes. Sink sets, similar to the sink sets of FIG. 50, are also indicated. Sink sets connecting to switch units 240 of a switch plane are disjoint and sink sets connecting to switch units 240 having a same index within respective switch planes 120 are identical.

It is emphasized that the condition “having the same index within respective switch planes” is not restrictive and is only one selection among many. In general, with Π switch planes 120, Π>1, a number Π of source sets in Π different switch planes which may have different indices within respective switch plane may be selected to be disjoint. Similarly, a number Π of sink sets in Π different switch planes which may have different indices within respective switch plane may be selected to be identical.

Consider a network having S source nodes, S>2, indexed as 0 to (S−1), arranged in Π switch planes, Π>1, indexed as 0 to (Π−1), where each switch plane contains G switch units, G>2, indexed as 0 to (G−1), and each switch unit connects to Q source nodes, Q>1. To reduce processing effort and switching resources in each switch plane, in accordance with the present invention, it is desirable that each source node connect only once with each sink node through a single switch unit in the entire the network. Several connectivity patterns of the source nodes and sink nodes to the switch planes may be devised to satisfy this condition. With the number G of switch units per switch plane selected as a prime number, G>2, exemplary connectivity patterns may be devised and expressed in closed form as indicated below. For any value of G, G>2, numerical methods can be devised to realize the above condition.

In a first connectivity pattern:

Q source nodes of indices {j×(1+Q×p)+Q×(p+k)}_(modulo G), 0≦j<Q, connect to a switch unit of index k, 0≦k<G, in switch plane p, 0≦p<Π, G being a prime number; and

Q sink nodes of indices (j+Q×k), 0≦j<Q, connect to a switch unit of index k, 0≦k<G, in each switch plane.

Equivalently:

a source node of index σ, 0≦σ<S, connects to a switch unit of index k in switch plane p, 0≦p<Π, where k is determined as: k=(p×(G−1−σ_(modulo Q))+└σ/Q┘)_(modulo G); and

a sink node of index σ, 0≦σ<S, connects to a switch unit of index └σ/Q┘) in each switch plane.

In a second connectivity pattern:

Q source nodes of indices {j×(1+Q×k)+Q×(p+k)}_(modulo G), 0≦j<Q, connect to a switch unit of index k, 0≦k<G, in a switch plane of index p, 0≦p<Π, G being a prime number; and

Q sink nodes of indices (j+Q×k), 0≦j<Q, connect to a switch unit of index k, 0≦k<G, in each switch plane.

Equivalently:

a source node of index σ, 0≦σ<S, connects to a switch unit of index k, 0≦k<G, in a switch plane of index p, where p is determined as:

p=(k×(G−1−σ_(modulo Q))+└σ/Q┘)_(modulo G); and

a sink node of index σ, 0≦σ<S, connects to a switch unit of index └σ/Q┘ in each switch plane.

A memory device at each source node 4860 stores a routing array. Each entry of a routing array stored at a specific source node corresponds to a sink node and indicates an identifier of a preferred switch plane for connecting the specific source node to the sink node. Selection of the preferred switch plane may be based on factors such as a number of switch units (one or two) that a path from the source node to the sink node traverses or round-trip delay between the source node and the sink node through a switch plane. FIG. 52 illustrates a routing array for each source node indicating, for each directed source-sink node pair, an identifier 5230 of a preferred switch plane where, for example, the source-sink node pair connects through a same switch unit.

FIG. 53 illustrates upstream connectivity 5300 of source nodes to switch units in different switch planes according to the connectivity pattern of FIG. 50. Each column in FIG. 53 represents a respective switch unit and a marked cell identifies a source node connecting to an inlet port of the respective switch unit. Source nodes connecting to switch units of a same switch plane 120(p) are referenced as 5320(p), 0≦p<Π, Π=5. As indicated, source node 4860(0) connects to switch units 240 of indices (0, 0), (4, 1), (3, 2), (2, 3), and (1, 4), source node 4860(17) connects to switch units 240 of indices (4, 0), (2, 1), (0, 2), (3, 3), and (1, 4), etc. As indicated, all sets of source nodes connecting to switch units of a same switch plane are mutually disjoint and all set of source nodes connecting to switch units having a same index in different switch planes are mutually disjoint. Furthermore, all sets of source nodes connecting to different switch units 240 are mutually orthogonal with at most one source node being common to any two sets of source nodes. It is noted that mutually-disjoint sets are also mutually orthogonal, but mutually-disjoint sets are not necessarily mutually disjoint.

FIG. 54 illustrates downstream connectivity 5400 of switch units in different switch planes to sink nodes according to the connectivity pattern of FIG. 50. Each column in FIG. 54 represents a respective switch unit and a marked cell identifies a sink node connecting to an outlet port of the respective switch unit. Sink nodes connecting to switch units of a same switch plane 120(p) are referenced as 5420(p), 0≦p<Π, Π=5. As indicated, sink node 4860(0) connects to switch units 240 of indices (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), and (0, 4), sink node 4860(17) connects to switch units 240 of indices (4, 0), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), and (4, 4), etc. It is seen that the downstream connectivity patterns of switch planes 120(0) to 120(4) are identical while the upstream connectivity patterns of the switch planes are orthogonal.

Comparing each row of the source-node connectivity pattern of FIG. 53 and the sink-node connectivity pattern of FIG. 54, indicates that a row in FIG. 53 corresponding to a source node 4860 of index j, 0≦j<G. has only one marked cell coincident with a market cell in any row in FIG. 54. Most importantly, the upstream connectivity pattern of FIG. 53 and the downstream connectivity pattern of FIG. 54 ensure that each source encounters each sink node in one switch unit 240, thus providing an opportunity for a first-order path from each source node to each sink node. For example, source node 4860(0) connects to switch units 240 of indices (0, 0), (4, 1), (3, 2), (2, 3) and (1, 4), which respectively connect to sets of sink nodes 4862 of indices (0, 1, 2, 3), (16, 17, 18, 19), (12, 13, 14, 15), 8, 9, 10, 11), and (4, 5, 6, 7). Thus, source node 4860(0) has a first-order path to all sink nodes 4862 of indices 0 to 19. Likewise, each other source node has a first-order path to each sink node.

With spatially-balanced traffic-intensity distribution, the first-order paths may be sufficient to serve the traffic load. However, balanced traffic distribution may only occur by coincidence and a significant proportion of the traffic load may be served through second-order paths, each second-order path traversing two switch units of the same switch plane.

FIG. 55, derived from FIG. 53, illustrates connectivity 5500 of source nodes to likewise-indexed switch units within different switch planes. Source nodes connecting to switch units of a same index k in all switch planes are referenced as 5520(p), 0≦k<G, G=5. FIG. 56, derived from FIG. 54, illustrates connectivity 5600 of likewise-indexed switch units within different switch planes to sink nodes. Sink nodes connecting to switch units of a same index k in all switch planes are referenced as 5620(p), 0≦k<G, G=5. A comparison of the upstream and downstream connectivity patterns as depicted in FIG. 55 and FIG. 56 clarifies the underlying features described above with respect to FIG. 53 and FIG. 54.

FIG. 57 illustrates asymmetrical connectivity of source sets and sink sets to switch units of switch plane 120(2), according to the connectivity pattern of FIG. 50. Source nodes 4860 of indices {6, 8, 15, 17} and sink nodes 4862 of indices {1, 2, 3, 4} connect to switch unit 240(0, 2). Thus, any of the source nodes of indices 6, 8, 15, or 17 may have a first-order path to any of sink nodes 4862 of indices 1, 2, 3, and 4 and a second-order path to each of sink nodes of indices 5 to 19. A first-order connection traverses one switch unit and a second-order connection traverses two switch units 240 of the same switch plane 120. Likewise:

-   -   any of source nodes 4860 of indices 1, 10, 12, and 19 may have a         first-order path to any of sink nodes 4862 of indices 4, 5, 6,         or 7 and a second-order path to any of sink nodes 4862 of         indices 0 to 3 and 8 to 19;     -   any of source nodes 4860 of indices 3, 5, 14, and 16 may have a         first-order path to any of sink nodes 4862 of indices 8, 9, 10,         or 11 and a second-order path to any of sink nodes of indices 0         to 7 and 12 to 19;     -   any of source nodes 4860 of indices 0, 7, 9, and 18 may have a         first-order path to any of sink nodes 4862 of indices 12, 13,         14, or 15 and a second-order path to any of sink nodes of         indices 0 to 11 and 16 to 19; and     -   any of source nodes 4860 of indices 2, 4, 11, and 13 may have a         first-order connection to any of sink nodes 4862 of indices 16,         17, 18, or 19 and a second-order path to any of sink nodes of         indices 0 to 15.

Similarly, within each other switch plane, each of source nodes 4860(0) to 4860(19) may have first-order connections to a respective sink set (of four sink nodes) and second-order connections to the remaining sink nodes.

Thus, according to the present invention, the upstream connectivity of source nodes to switch units and the downstream connectivity of switch units to sink nodes are selected so that each pair of source node and sink node connects only once to a same switch unit in the entire network.

FIG. 58 illustrates asymmetrical connectivity of source sets to a specific sink set containing sink nodes 4862 of indices 8, 9, 10, and 11. The specific sink set connects to outlets of switch units 240(2, p), 0≦p<Π, Π=5, according to the connectivity pattern of FIG. 50, and may have first-order paths from source nodes 4860 of indices:

8, 9, 10, and 11, through switch unit 240(2, 0);

2, 7, 12, and 17, through switch unit 240(2, 1);

3, 5, 14, and 16, through switch unit 240(2, 2);

0, 6, 13, and 19, through switch unit 240(2, 3); and

1, 4, 15, and 18 through switch unit 240(2, 4).

Thus, each of sink nodes 4862 of indices 8, 9, 10, and 11 may have a first order path from each source node 4860(0) to 4860(19). Likewise, each other sink node may have a first-order path from each source node and, conversely, each source node may have a first-order path to each sink node through a respective switch unit. Each source node has an upstream channel to a switch unit 240 in each switch plane 120, and a controller of a source node associates each upstream channel with a switch plane. When a source node receives a request for allocating capacity to a target sink node, it is preferable that a controller of the source node direct the request to a switch plane where the switch unit to which the source node connects has a downstream channel to the target sink node to seek a first-order path. To facilitate this process, it is preferable that a controller of a source node store an array indicating for each sink node an identifier of a preferable switch plane identifier. FIG. 52 illustrates 20 arrays each corresponding to a source node in a network 100 having the connectivity pattern of FIG. 11. Each array is stored in a memory device of a respective source node 4860. A controller of source node 4860(5), for example, first directs a request destined to:

any of sink nodes 4862 of indices 0, 1, 2, and 3 to switch plane 120(3);

any of sink nodes 4862 of indices 4, 5, 6, and 7 to switch plane 120(0);

any of sink nodes 4862 of indices 8, 9, 10, and 11 to switch plane 120(2);

any of sink nodes 4862 of indices 12, 13, 14, and 15 to switch plane 120(4); and

any of sink nodes 4862 of indices 16, 17, 18, and 19 to switch plane 120(1).

Thus, each directed source-sink node pair may first select a switch plane where the source-sink node pair connects through a common switch unit.

In the switch plane of FIG. 35, a switch-plane controller 3580 connects to selected switch units. Controller 3580 exchanges control signals with source nodes and sink nodes connecting to a selected switch unit through reserved time-limited paths through the selected switch unit. Controller 3580 exchanges controller signals with the source nodes and sink nodes connecting to switch units 240(0, p), 240(1, p), and 240(4, p) through time limited paths each traversing two switch units. In a switch plane having a large number of switch units, it may be preferable to connect a switch-plane controller to each switch unit in the switch plane. FIG. 59 illustrates a switch plane 120(p), 0≦p<Π, having seven switch units 5940 interconnected in a full mesh structure with each switch unit having a dual channel 5950 to each other switch unit. Each switch unit 5940 has Q inlet ports (referenced as inlets for brevity), Q outlet ports (referenced as outlets for brevity), G−1 outward ports and G−1 inward ports. Each inlet receives data and control signals from a respective source node 4860. Each outlet transmits data and control signals to a respective sink node. Each outward port transmits data to an inward port of another switch unit, consequently, each inward port receives data from G−1 other switch units. Thus, each switch unit connects to inward ports of G−1 other switch unit creating a full mesh structure of G switch units. The switch units 5940 are indexed as (k, p), 0≦k<G, and 0≦p<Π. The inlets of all switch units of a switch plane are herein referenced as “inlets of the switch plane” and the outlets of all switch units of the switch plane are referenced as “outlets of the switch plane”. A switch-plane controller 5980 has a dual control channel to each of the seven switch units and exchanges control signals with source nodes and sink nodes through dedicated time-limited control paths each traversing one switch unit. Preferably, each dedicated time-limited control path is set during at least one dedicated time slot in a predefined time frame.

A dual channel connecting to switch unit 5940(k, p) includes an upstream control channel 5941(k) carrying control signals from source nodes of a switch unit 5940 to the switch-plane controller and a downstream control channel 5942(k) carrying control signals from the switch-plane controller to sink nodes of a switch unit 5940. Time-locking circuitry 5982, similar to circuitry 3682 of FIG. 36, is coupled to switch-plane controller 5980 and is configured to maintain time alignment of each source node 4860 with collocated switch units 5940.

The time-locking circuitry 5982 is configured to receive readings of a slave time counter collocated with a source node and send to the source node corresponding time references of a master time counter collocated with the switch-plane controller in order to enable the source node to reset the slave time counter. Details of a time-locking process are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,117,257, issued Oct. 3, 2006, to Beshai, and entitled “Multi-phase adaptive network configuration”.

Thus, a communications network 100 in accordance with the present invention has a number of switch units 5940 arranged in multiple switch planes 120, where each switch plane 120 is configured as a set of switch units 5940 interconnected in a full mesh structure. A switch-plane controller 5980 is coupled to each switch unit 5940 within the switch plane. Each switch plane connects to all source nodes and to all sink nodes of the network. Each source node receives data from respective data sources and each sink node transmits data to respective data sinks. Each source node in the network has a dedicated upstream time-limited control path to the switch-plane controller 5980, and the switch-plane controller 5980 has a dedicated downstream time-limited control path to each sink node in the network.

The network's source nodes are arranged into multiple source formations 4720 and 4740 (FIG. 47), where each source formation covers disjoint source sets as defined earlier. The network's sink nodes are arranged into one sink formation covering disjoint sink sets with each sink set connects to one switch unit in each switch plane.

The source sets 4720 of each source formation connect to switch units of a same switch plane. The connectivity of the network's source nodes to the switch planes is devised to fulfill a condition that each source set in any source formation is orthogonal to each source set in each other source formation.

FIG. 60 illustrates a switch unit 5940 having Q inlets 6022 indexed as 0 to Q−1, Q outlets 6026 indexed as 0 to Q−1, G−1 inward ports 6024, and G−1 outward ports 6028. To simplify connection scheduling, the inward ports of a switch unit 6040(k, p) are indexed as 0 to G−1 but with a null inward port 6024(k). Likewise, the outward ports of a switch unit 5940(k, p) are indexed as 0 to G−1 but with a null outward port 5928(k). Thus, an outward port 5928(j) of any switch unit 5940(k, p) connects to switch unit 5940(j, p), 0≦j<G, 0≦k<G, 0≦p<Π, and j≠k. Upstream control data multiplexed with payload data originating from source nodes of a switch unit 5940(k, p) are received at an output port 6032 of switch unit 5940(k, p) over internal time-limited dedicated paths 6051 and sent to the switch-plane controller 5980. Downstream control signals from the switch-plane controller 5980 are sent to an input port 6030 of switch unit 5940(k, p) and transferred to sink nodes of switch unit 5940(k, p) through internal time-limited dedicated paths 6052. The downstream control signals include flow-rate allocation schedules, to be communicated to respective source nodes, and corresponding switch-unit configuration data to be transferred to a configuration controller 6084. A demultiplexer 6012 directs the schedules to input port 6030 and directs the configuration data to configuration controller 6084. The switch-plane controller 5980 is an electronic device. Thus, where switch unit 5940(k) is configured as an optical switching node, an electrical to optical (E/O) conversion unit 6042 precedes input port 6030 and an optical-to-electrical (O/E) conversion unit 6041 succeeds output port 6032.

To schedule data transfer through a switch plane 120(k), a scheduler is coupled to switch-plane controller 5980(p). In a large-scale network, the processing effort may be significant. For example, with G=128, and Q=120, 15360 source nodes may be supported. With each upstream channel 141 having a capacity of 10 Gigabits/second, the switching capacity of a switch plane 120(p) would be approximately 150 terabits/second. The needed changes in flow-rate allocations from inlets to outlets would require a significant processing effort. This is particularly the case when fine flow-rate allocations are provided. Multiple scheduler units may be used. The individual scheduler units rely on common occupancy-state data of the inlets, outward (or inward) ports, and outlets. In order to enable the individual schedulers to operate concurrently without contention, the common-occupancy data need be partitioned and circulated among scheduler units.

FIG. 61 illustrates connectivity of the switch-plane controller 5980 of the switch plane of FIG. 59 to the switch units 5940 of switch plane 120(p). Each switch unit 5940(k, p), 0≦k<G, has a control path 5941 to an input port of the switch-plane controller. An optical-to-electrical (O/E) conversion interface 6041 demodulates optical signals, received from source nodes through a switch unit, to detect flow-rate-allocation requests to be presented to a scheduler unit as will be described with reference to FIG. 65. The switch-plane controller 5980 has control paths 5942 directed to individual switch units 5940. A control path 5942 directed to a switch unit 5940(0, p), for example, connects to a demultiplexer 6012 which directs switch-unit configuration data, in electronic form, to configuration controller 6084(0, p) and downstream control messages, through electrical-to-optical (E/O) interface 6042, to sink nodes connecting to switch unit 5940(0). The switch-unit configuration data specifies input-output connectivity of the switch unit and is based on schedules determined at the switch plane controller. Likewise, control paths directed to individual switch units 5940(1, p), 5940(2, p), . . . , 5940(6, p) carry configuration data to individual configuration controllers 6084(1, p), 6084(2, p), . . . , 6084(6, p), and carry downstream control messages to sink nodes connected to switch units 5940(1, p), 5940(2, p), . . . , 5940(6, p).

FIG. 62 illustrates dedicated control time slots 6241 in upstream channels from source nodes to a switch plane 120(p). The upstream control time slots arrive at inlets of a switch unit 5940 during non-coincident time slots of a repetitive time frame 6210 having ν time slots thus enabling multiplexing of control signals from all source nodes of the switch unit into a multiplexed control signal 6251 to be transmitted over a control channel 5941 to the switch-plane controller 5980. The number ν is preferably sufficiently large (ν=16384, for example) to enable allocating flow-rates of relatively low value without wasting switching resources. Control time slots in downstream channels from a switch plane to sink nodes are similarly organized.

Thus, in accordance with the present invention, each source node has a dedicated upstream time-limited control path to the switch-plane controller 5980 of each switch plane and the switch-plane controller 5980 has a dedicated downstream time-limited control path to each sink node. Source nodes connecting to a same switch unit have mutually non-coincident dedicated upstream time-limited control paths to a switch-plane controller to enable bufferless multiplexing of control signals carried by control paths from a set of source nodes of the switch unit.

FIG. 63 illustrates the occupancy-state data needed to allocate flow rates for each inlet-outlet pair in a switch plane. By definition, inlets of a switch plane are the inlets of all switch units of the switch plane and outlets of a switch plane are the outlets of all switch units of the switch plane. A flow rate is allocated as a number of time slots within the repetitive time frame 6210 having ν time slots. The number of allocated time slot for a flow may be set to equal zero. The occupancy-state data comprises:

-   -   inlet-state data 6320 indicating occupancy states of all inlets         of a switch plane during each of the ν time slots;     -   outward-state data 6330 indicating occupancy states of all         outward ports of the switch plane during each of the ν time         slots; and     -   outlet-state data 6340 indicating occupancy states of all         outlets of a switch plane during each of the ν time slots;

The inlet state data 6320 may be partitioned into G inlet-state segments 6322(0) to 6322(G−1), each segment including state data of inlets of a specific switch unit 5940. Likewise, the outward-state data 6330 may be partitioned into G outward-state segments 6332(0) to 6332(G−1), each segment including state data of outward ports of a specific switch unit 5940. The outlet-state data 6340 is partitioned differently into G segments 6342(0) to 6342(G−1) each segment including state data of all outlets of the switch plane during a respective portion of the time frame. Thus, G schedulers, indexed as 0 to G−1 may be employed where a scheduler of index k accesses an inlet-state segment 6322(k), an outward-state segment 6332(k), and any selected outlet-state segment 6342(j), where j is no necessarily equal to k. If the requisite capacity allocations for different inlet-outlet flows have a small variance, then the allocation of segmented state data as described above would be adequate. However, the requisite capacity allocations may vary widely with flow rates each necessitating allocation of a number of time slots per time frame exceeding the number of time slots of an outlet-state segment 6342. To accommodate flow rates of high variance, each pair of inlet-state segment 6322(k) and outward-state segment 6332(k) may cyclically join each outlet-state segment 6342(0) to 6342(G−1) during a scheduling cycle of a predefined duration and having G scheduling phases of equal durations. An inlet-state segment 6322(k) is permanently paired with outward-state segment 6332(k), for a given value of k, 0≦k<G. The duration of a scheduling cycle may be of the order of one millisecond. With ν=16384, G=128, and a scheduling cycle of 1 millisecond duration, for example, a scheduling phase would covers 128 time slots and have a duration of approximately 8 microseconds. FIG. 63 illustrates occupancy-state data 6300, including segments of inlet-state data, outward-state data, and outlet state data, presented to multiple scheduler units during a first phase of a scheduling cycle. Inlet-state segment 6322(0), outward-state segment 6332(0), join outlet-state segment 6342(0) during the first phase of the scheduling cycle. Likewise, inlet-state segment 6322(k), outward-state segment 6332(k), join outlet-state segment 6342(k), 1≦k<6, during the first phase of the scheduling cycle.

FIG. 64 illustrates occupancy-state data 6400, including segments of inlet-state data, outward-state data, and outlet state data, presented to multiple scheduler units during a second phase of a scheduling cycle. Inlet-state segment 6322(0), outward-state segment 6332(0), join outlet-state segment 6342(1) during the second phase of the scheduling cycle. Likewise, inlet-state segment 6322(k), outward-state segment 6332(k), join outlet-state segment 6342(k+1), 1≦k<5, and inlet-state segment 6322(6), outward-state segment 6332(6), join outlet-state segment 6342(0), during the second phase of the scheduling cycle. In general, inlet-state segment 6322(k), outward-state segment 6332(k), join outlet-state segment 6342(Y), Y=(k+Φ)_(modulo G), where Φ denotes a scheduling phase of a scheduling cycle, 0≦Φ<G, 0≦k<G.

FIG. 65 illustrates a scheduling system 6500 coupled to the switch-plane controller 5980 and employing multiple scheduler units 6510(0, p) to 6510(G−1, p). Each scheduler 6510(k, p) permanently accesses inlet-state segment 6322(k) and outward-state segment 6332(k) and cyclically accesses outlet-state segments 6342(0) to 6342(G−1) through an outlet-state rotator 6530. The inlet-state segment 6322(k) and outward-state segment 6332(k) corresponding to a switch unit 5940 of index k within a switch plane are held in a storage medium 6520, which may include two memory devices separately storing the inlet-state segment and the outward-state segment. Each outlet state segments is stored in a respective memory device 6540. Each scheduler unit 6510(k, p) processes requests, held in a request buffer 6508, received from source nodes of switch unit 5940(k, p) and places produced schedules in a results buffer 6509.

Preferably, each source node of switch unit 5940(k, p) is paired with a sink node of the same switch unit to facilitate dissemination of downstream control signals to source nodes. The paired source node and a sink node may share a common controller or may even share a common switching fabric.

The contents of the results buffer 6509 need be sent to the source nodes of switch unit 5940(k, p). However, the source nodes connect differently to different switch planes 120 while the sink nodes have identical connectivity from each switch plane. Thus, the contents of each results buffer 6509(0) to 6509(G−1) are offered to a schedule distributer 6550 which directs a result of each flow-allocation request to a respective sink node paired with the source node originating the request.

Thus, each scheduler unit is permanently coupled to a source memory device for storing occupancy-state data of inlets and occupancy-state data of outward ports of a respective switch unit. The source memory device may include two separate memory devices, one for storing current occupancy data of inlets and one for storing current occupancy data of outward ports of the respective switch unit. A scheduler unit cyclically accesses destination memory devices, each storing occupancy-state data of all outlets of a switch plane during a respective time interval of a time frame. Preferably, the destination memory devices cover a number of time intervals equal to the number of switch units per switch plane. Rotator 6530 cyclically couples each scheduler to each destination memory device during successive scheduling phases of a scheduling cycle. The duration of a scheduling phase is preferably selected to be sufficient to process a moderate number of requests; eight for example.

A scheduler unit is configured to receive capacity-allocation requests from a set of source nodes connecting to a switch unit of a switch plane and allocate paths through the switch plane according to occupancy-state data stored in a source memory device and destination memory devices.

A scheduler unit dedicated to a particular switch unit is configured to identify at least one time slot within a time interval of a time frame during which a specified inlet of the particular and a target outlet of any switch unit within a same switch plane are contemporaneously unoccupied. Where the specified inlet and target outlet connect to different switch units within a switch plane, the scheduler unit identifies least one time slot within the time interval during which a specified inlet of the particular switch unit, an outward port of the particular switch unit leading to the destination switch unit, and the target outlet are contemporaneously unoccupied.

FIG. 66 illustrates exemplary asymmetrical connectivity of source nodes and sink nodes to the switch plane 120(p) of FIG. 59 for p=4. The switch plane has seven switch units 5940 (G=7). The sink nodes connecting to switch unit 5940(0, p) are labeled A0 to A6. Sink nodes connecting to switch units 5940(1, p) to 5940(6, p) are respectively labeled B0 to B6, C0 to C6, D0 to D6, E0 to E6, F0 to F6, and G0 to G6. The source nodes are paired with the sink nodes to form integrated edge nodes. A source node paired with a sink node is given the same label of the sink node. An exemplary orthogonal connectivity of the source nodes to the switch units 5940 of seven switch planes 120 leads to the upstream connectivity indicated in FIG. 66. Switch unit 5940(0, 4), for example, connects to sink nodes A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6 and to source nodes A0, C1, E2, G3, B4, D5, and F6. Scheduler 6510(0, 4) determines schedules pertinent to source nodes A0, C1, E2, G3, B4, D5, and F6 which need be distributed to integrated sink nodes A0, C1, E2, G3, B4, D5, and F6. The schedule distributor 6550 of FIG. 67 has inputs connecting to scheduler units 6510 and outputs connecting to switch units 5940; an output of the schedule distributor connects to an input port 6030 of a respective switch unit 5940. The schedule distributor includes a result rotator 6780 which cyclically connects result buffers 6509 to switch units 5940 in a pattern specific to each switch plane. For example, inputs of the schedule distributor of switch plane 120(4) connect to scheduler units 6510 of indices 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 while the outputs of the same schedule distributor connect to switch units 5940 of indices 0, 5, 3, 1, 6, 4, and 2. The selection of the connectivity pattern of the schedule distributor outputs to the switch units ensures systematic delivery of scheduling results to respective source nodes. For example, the results obtained from scheduler 6510(0, 4) need be delivered to source nodes A0, C1, E2, G3, B4, D5, and F6, which respectively connect to switch unit 5940(k, 4), k=0, 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, and 5 which are successively accessed during a rotation cycle. Likewise, the results obtained from each of scheduler units 6510 of indices 1 to 6 are sequentially delivered to sink nodes paired with source nodes which originated the requests for flow-rate allocations.

FIG. 68 illustrates operation of a schedule distributor 6850(p), 0≦p<Π, during different scheduling phases of a scheduling cycle. Distributor 6850(p) is similar to schedule distributor 6550 of FIG. 65 but tailored to a scheduling system applicable to the connectivity pattern of FIG. 50. Distributor 6850(1) of switch plane 120(1) receives from each of five scheduler units schedules destined for respective source nodes. A first scheduler unit (not illustrated) receives requests from source nodes 4860 of indices 4, 9, 14, and 19, connecting to switch unit 240(0, 1), and determines schedules corresponding to each request. The schedules need be delivered to sink nodes 4862 coupled to the source nodes initiating the requests. Switch unit 240(0, 1), however, connects to sink nodes 4862 of indices 0, 1, 2, and 3. Schedule distributor 6850(0) cyclically transfers the schedules to sink nodes 4862 of indices 4, 9, 14, and 19, respectively. Scheduler distributor 6850(0) distributes schedules produced by each other scheduler unit to sink nodes coupled to requesting source nodes.

Similarly, each of schedule distributors 6850 of indices 2, 3, and 4 cyclically transfers schedules produce by scheduler systems of switch planes 120(2), 120(3), and 120(4) to sink nodes 4862 coupled to source nodes initiating flow-rate allocation requests through downstream time-limited control paths. As illustrated in FIG. 68, schedule distributor 6850(1) distributes schedules to sets 6810(k, 1), of source nodes 4860 of indices (k, 1), and schedule distributor 6850(2) distributes schedules to sets 6810(k, 2), of source nodes 4860 of indices (k, 2), 0≦k<5. FIG. 69 illustrates schedule distribution for switch planes 120(3) and 120(4). According to the connectivity pattern of FIG. 50, each of switch units 240(0, 0) to 240(4, 0) connects coupled source nodes and sink nodes. Thus, a schedule distributor is not needed for switch plane 120(0) and the output of each scheduler unit may connect to an input port 6030 of a respective switch unit through an electrical-to-optical conversion unit 6042.

FIG. 70 illustrates one of scheduler units 6510 of a scheduling system 6500 of a switch plane. A scheduler unit 6510 is dedicated to a respective switch unit 5940 and has a memory device 7052 storing current occupancy state of inlets 6022 of the switch unit and a memory device 7054 storing current occupancy state of outward ports 6028 of the switch unit. A scheduler unit 6510 has at least one processor 7020, and a memory device 7032 storing processor executable instructions 7034 which cause the processor to schedule new or modified flow-rate allocations for data sent from source nodes 4860 to sink nodes 4862. The processor 7020 gains access to current outlet occupancy state of any switch unit through cyclic connection to outlet-state memory devices 6540 during multiple scheduling phases as described earlier with reference to FIG. 65; access to one outlet-state memory 6540 during one scheduling phase is illustrated.

Processor 7020 processes flow-rate allocation requests held in request buffer 6508 and either produces a schedule for a requested flow-rate allocation or indicates unavailability of a path of sufficient capacity within the switch plane. Where a path is not available in a switch plane, a source node 4860 initiating the request may seek a path through one of the other switch planes 120.

FIG. 71 details occupancy-state data for the exemplary switch plane of FIG. 59. The switch plane includes seven switch units 5940 and each switch unit is considered to have 5 inlets 6022 (Q=5), 6 outward ports 6028 (G=6+1=7), and 5 outlets 6026. The number of inward ports 6024 is naturally equal to the number of outward ports 6028.

A segment 6322 of occupancy-state data 6320 of inlets of a switch unit 5940 includes 5 arrays each corresponding to an inlet 6022 and having ν entries, ν being a number of time slots per time frame. To determine an occupancy state as busy or free, each entry need only be one bit wide. However, it may be desirable to include additional information, in which case an entry may have multiple bits.

A segment 6332 of occupancy-state data 6330 of outward ports of a switch unit 5940 includes 7 arrays each corresponding to an outward port 6028 and having ν entries. An entry may be one-bit wide or multiple-bit wide as described above.

A segment 6342 of occupancy-state data 6340 of all outlet ports of a switch plane 120 includes Q×G arrays each corresponding to an outlet among all Q×G outlets of a switch plane. The ν time slots of a time frame are selected to be an integer multiple, 4 in the illustrated example, of G. Thus, each of the Q×G arrays (35 arrays) of segment 6342 has 4 entries; hence each scheduling phase covers 4 time slots. As in segments 6322 and 6332, an entry may have one or more bits.

In a network of wide coverage, for example a network using 251 switch units per switch plane with each switch unit having 200 inlets (and 200 outlets) supporting 50200 source nodes 4860 (and 50200 sink nodes 4862), scheduling system 6500 (FIG. 65) would employ 251 scheduler units 6510 each cyclically accessing 251 outlet-state memory devices 6540 during a scheduling cycle of 251 scheduling phases. To provide fine flow-rate granularity, the number ν of time slots per frame is preferably much larger than the number G of switch units per frame. With ν=16384, for example, the number of time slots covered within a scheduling phase would be approximately 65. The numbers of time slots covered in different scheduling phases need not be equal.

FIG. 72 illustrates allocation of first-order paths from inlets of a switch unit 5940 to outlets of the same switch unit, using the inlet-state data 6320 and outlet-state data 6340 of FIG. 63. A scheduler dedicated to a switch unit 5940(0, p) allocates a path from an inlet 6022 of index (3, 0, p) to an outlet 6026 of index (0, 0, p) during the same time slot. The inlet and outlet are referenced as 7210 and 7230, respectively. A scheduler dedicated to a switch unit 5940(3, p) allocates a path from an inlet 6022 of index (4, 3, p) to an outlet 6026 of index (3, 3, p) during the same time slot. The inlet and outlet are referenced as 7213 and 7233, respectively. A scheduler dedicated to a switch unit 5940(6, p) allocates a path from an inlet 6022 of index (1, 6, p) to an outlet 6026 of index (3, 6, p) during the same time slot. The inlet and outlet are referenced as 7216 and 7236, respectively.

FIG. 73 illustrates allocation of second-order paths from inlets of a switch unit 5940 of a selected switch plane to outlets of another switch unit 5940 within the same switch plane, using the partitioned occupancy-state data of FIG. 63.

A scheduler dedicated to a switch unit 5940(0, p) allocates a path from an inlet 6022 of index (3, 0, p) to an outlet 6026 of index (1, 1, p) during the same time slot through an outward port 6028 of index (1, 0, p). The inlet, outward port and outlet are referenced as 7310, 7320, and 7330, respectively. A scheduler dedicated to a switch unit 5940(3, p) allocates a path from an inlet 6022 of index (0, 3, p) to an outlet 6026 of index (4, 5, p) during the same time slot through an outward port 6028 of index (5, 3, p). The inlet, outward port, and outlet are referenced as 7313, 7323, and 7333, respectively. A scheduler dedicated to a switch unit 5940(6, p) allocates a path from an inlet 6022 of index (0, 6, p) to an outlet 6026 of index (3, 4, p) during the same time slot through an outward port 6028 of index (4, 6, p). The inlet and outlet are referenced as 7316, 7326, and 7336, respectively.

With a large number ν of time slots per time frame, each inlet-state array or outward-state array would occupy multiple records of W entries each, where an entry may be one or more bits. For example, in the occupancy-data organization of FIG. 74, a segment 6322 of inlet-state data 6320 includes five arrays, one for each inlet 6022. An inlet-state array corresponding to an inlet 6022 occupies seven records of 16 bits each to store occupancy states (busy or free) of the inlet during each time slot of a time frame of ν time slots (ν=16×7=112 time slots).

A segment 6332 of outward-state data 6330 includes seven arrays, one for each outward port 6028. For each outward port, seven records of 16 entries each are used to indicate state (busy or free) of an outward port during each time slot of the time frame.

The occupancy state of each outlet in the entire switch plane 120(p) is indicated for a portion of the time frame covered by a scheduling phase. In the exemplary occupancy-data organization of FIG. 74, the number ν of time slots per time frame is selected to be an integer multiple of a word length. The number of outlets of switch plane 120(p) is Q×G=35. A segment 6342 of outlet-state data 6340 includes 35 arrays, one for each outlet 6026 of each switch unit in the switch plane. The occupancy state of each of the 35 outlets during an interval of 16 time slots is indicated using a record of 16 entries. The occupancy-state data is used to allocate flow rates from any inlet of a switch unit to any outlet of any switch unit in the entire switch plane during a single scheduling phase. An allocation request for a specific flow may be fulfilled during a single phase or may be fulfilled in one or more other scheduling phases. As described earlier, the number of scheduling phases preferably equals the number G of switch units 5940 per switch plane.

FIG. 74 illustrates allocation of second-order paths from inlets of a switch unit 5940 of a selected switch plane to outlets of another switch unit 5940 within the same switch plane, using the partitioned occupancy-state data of FIG. 63 where occupancy-state data of each inlet of a switch unit occupies multiple records in a first memory device (inlet-state memory 7052 of FIG. 70 or inlet-outward state memory 6520 of FIG. 65), outward-occupancy-state data of each outward port of the switch unit occupies multiple records in a second memory device (outward-state memory 7054 of FIG. 70 or inlet-outward state memory 6520 of FIG. 65), and occupancy-state data of each outlet of the selected switch plane during a scheduling interval occupies one record in a third memory device (6540, FIG. 65 and FIG. 70).

Each source node shares a source controller with a selected sink node among the plurality of sink nodes. The source controller receives, from data sources, flow-rate-allocation requests each specifying a target sink node and a requisite flow rate. The source controller is configured to determine a number of time slots, in a predefined time-slotted frame, corresponding to the requisite flow-rate allocation and select a preferred switch plane. If a path is not available in the preferred switch plane, the source controller may select other switch planes either cyclically or according to a specified order of preference.

Alternative Switch-Plane Structures

So far, invention has been described with each switch plane comprising switch units 240 interconnected in a full mesh structure. The switch units 240 are preferably optical space-switch units. However, at least one of the switch planes 120 may comprise electronic switch units 240. The network may predominantly comprise centralized switch planes with at least one distributed switch plane using either optical or electronic switch units 240.

The switch units 240 of a switch plane 120 preferably interconnect in a full-mush structure in order to permit a proportion of traffic to be switched through a switch unit. However, the switch units 240 may also be interconnected in a conventional cascaded two-stage structure. An advantage of a two-stage structure is scalability. For example, using switch units of dimension 256×256 each, a full mesh yields a switch plane of dimension 16000×16000 (approximately) while a cascaded two-stage structure yields a switch plane of dimension 64000×64000 (approximately). A disadvantage of a cascaded two-stage structure is that each connection has to traverse two switch units.

The invention has been described with reference to particular example embodiments. The described embodiments are intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Further modifications may be made within the purview of the appended claims, without departing from the scope of the invention in its broader aspect. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A communications network comprising: a plurality of switch units arranged in a plurality of switch planes, each switch plane comprising a set of switch units interconnected in a full mesh; a plurality of source nodes, each source node connecting to a switch unit in each switch plane; and a plurality of sink nodes, each sink node connecting to a switch unit in said each switch plane; wherein each pair of source node and sink node connects only once to a same switch unit among said plurality of switch units.
 2. The communications network of claim 1 further comprising a switch-plane controller coupled to all switch units of said set of switch units wherein: each source node among said plurality of source nodes has a dedicated upstream time-limited control path to said switch-plane controller; and said switch-plane controller has a dedicated downstream time-limited control path to each sink node among said plurality of sink nodes.
 3. The communications network of claim 2 wherein said switch-plane controller comprises: a plurality of scheduler units, each scheduler unit coupled to a respective switch unit; and a schedules distributor for transferring outputs of said scheduler units to respective switch units.
 4. The communications network of claim 3 wherein said schedules distributor is configured to: receive from each scheduler unit schedules destined for respective source nodes among said plurality of source nodes; and cyclically distribute said schedules to respective switch units of said set of switch units for transfer to sink nodes coupled to said respective source nodes.
 5. The communications network of claim 3 wherein each switch unit in an individual switch plane comprises: a plurality of inlets, each connecting to a respective source node; a plurality of outlets, each connecting to a respective sink node; a plurality of inward ports; and a plurality of outward ports each connecting to an inward port of a respective switch unit in said individual switch plane.
 6. The communications network of claim 5 wherein said switch-plane controller further comprises: a source memory device coupled to said each scheduler unit for storing occupancy-state data of inlets and occupancy-state data of outward ports of said respective switch unit during a time frame; a plurality of destination memory devices each storing occupancy-state data of all outlets of said each switch plane during a respective interval of said time frame; and a rotator cyclically coupling each scheduler to each said destination memory device during a respective scheduling phase of a scheduling cycle.
 7. The communication network of claim 6 wherein said each scheduler unit is configured to receive capacity-allocation requests from a set of source nodes connecting to said respective switch unit and allocate paths through said each switch plane according to occupancy-state data stored in said source memory devices and destination memory devices.
 8. The communications network of claim 6 wherein said each scheduler unit is configured to identify at least one time slot within said respective interval during which a selected inlet among said respective inlets and a selected outlet among said switch-plane outlets are unoccupied.
 9. The communications network of claim 6 wherein said each scheduler unit is configured to identify at least one time slot within said respective interval during which a selected inlet among said respective inlets, a selected outward ports among said respective outward ports, and a selected outlet among said switch-plane outlets are unoccupied.
 10. The communication network of claim 1 further comprising: a master time counter collocated with said switch-plane controller; a slave time counter collocated with said each source node; and time-locking circuitry, coupled to said switch-plane controlled, configured to: receive readings of said slave time counter; and send corresponding time references of said master time counter to said each source node to enable said each source node to reset said slave time counter according to said readings and said corresponding time references.
 11. The communication network of claim 2 wherein source nodes connecting to a same switch unit have mutually non-coincident dedicated upstream time-limited control paths to said switch-plane controller, thereby enabling bufferless multiplexing of control signals carried by control paths from a source set.
 12. The communication network of claim 2 wherein said switch-plane controller sends downstream control signals to each switch unit in said set of switch units during non-coincident time slots to be switched to dedicated downstream time-limited control path to sink nodes connecting to said each switch unit.
 13. The communications network of claim 6 wherein: said occupancy-state data of inlets comprises inlet-state records each having ν entries, ν being an integer exceeding a number of switch units in said set of switch units, each entry indicating an occupancy state of a specific inlet during a time slot of a slotted time frame having ν time slots; said occupancy-state data of outward ports comprises outward-state records, each having ν entries, each entry indicating an occupancy state of a specific outward port during a time slot of said slotted time frame; and said occupancy-state data of all outlets comprises outlet-state records each having a number of entries, each entry indicating an occupancy state of a respective outlet during a time slot of a respective portion of said slotted time frame.
 14. The communications network of claim 1 wherein said each source node shares a source controller with a selected sink node among said plurality of sink nodes, said source controller is configured to: receive a flow-rate-allocation request from a data source, said flow-rate-allocation request specifying a target sink node and a requisite flow rate; determine a number of time slots in a predefined time-slotted frame corresponding to said requisite flow-rate allocation; and select a preferred switch plane among said plurality of switch planes.
 15. The communications network of claim 14 wherein said preferred switch plane includes a switch unit which connects said each source node to said target sink node and wherein said switch-plane controller is configured to determine a number of aligned free time slots at an inlet of a switch unit connecting to said each source node and an outlet of said switch unit connecting to said target sink node.
 16. The communications network of claim 14 wherein said preferred switch plane is selected according to proximity to said each source node and, where said each source node and said target sink node connect to different switch units, said switch-plane controller: identifies an outlet of a destination switch unit connecting to said target sink node; identifies an inlet of a particular switch unit, in said preferred switch plane, connecting to said each source node; identifies an outward port, of said particular switch unit, connecting to said destination switch unit, and determines a number of aligned free time slots at said inlet, said outward port, and said target sink node.
 17. The communications network of claim 14 wherein said source controller is configured to cyclically select switch planes according to an order of preference specific to said each edge node.
 18. The communication network of claim 1 further comprising a memory device at said each source node for storing a routing array, each entry of said routing array corresponding to a respective sink node among said plurality of sink nodes and indicating an identifier of a preferred switch plane for connecting said each source node to said respective sink node.
 19. The communications network of claim 2 wherein said switch-plane controller is configured to: allocate a first-order path over successive scheduling phases of a scheduling cycle, said first order path traversing one switch unit among said set of switch units; and allocate a second-order path over said successive scheduling phases, said second order path traversing two switch units among said set of switch units.
 20. The communications network of claim 1 wherein: said plurality of source nodes contains S source nodes, S>2, indexed as 0 to (S−1); said plurality of switch planes contains Π switch planes, Π>1, indexed as 0 to (Π−1); said set of switch units contains G switch units, G>2, indexed as 0 to (G−1), G being a prime number; each switch unit connects to Q source nodes among said S source nodes, Q>1; and a switch unit of index k, 0≦k<G, in switch plane p, 0≦p<Π, connects to Q source nodes of indices {j×(1+Q×p)+Q×(p+k)}_(modulo G), 0≦j<Q.
 21. The communications network of claim 1 wherein: said plurality of source nodes contains S source nodes, S>2, indexed as 0 to (S−1); said plurality of switch planes contains Π switch planes, Π>1, indexed as 0 to (Π−1); said set of switch units contains G switch units, G>2, indexed as 0 to (G−1), G being a prime number; each switch unit connects to Q source nodes among said S source nodes, Q>1; and a switch unit of index k, 0≦k<G, in switch plane p, 0≦p<Π, connects to Q source nodes of indices {j×(1+Q×k)+Q×(p+k)}_(modulo G,) 0≦j<Q.
 22. The communications network of claim 1 wherein: said plurality of source nodes contains S source nodes, S>2, indexed as 0 to (S−1); said plurality of switch planes contains Π switch planes, Π>1, indexed as 0 to (Π−1); said set of switch units contains G switch units, G>2, indexed as 0 to (G−1), G being a prime number; each switch unit connects to Q source nodes among said S source nodes, Q>1; and a source node of index σ, 0≦σ<S, connects to a switch unit of index k in switch plane p, 0≦p<Π, where k is determined as: k=(p×(G−1−σ_(modulo Q))+└σ/Q┘)_(modulo G).
 23. The communications network of claim 1 wherein: said plurality of source nodes contains S source nodes, S>2, indexed as 0 to (S−1); said plurality of switch planes contains Π switch planes, Π>1, indexed as 0 to (Π−1); said set of switch units contains G switch units, G>2, indexed as 0 to (G−1), G being a prime number; each switch unit connects to Q source nodes among said S source nodes, Q>1; and a source node of index σ, 0≦σ<S, connects to a switch unit of index k, 0≦k<G, in a switch plane of index p, where p is determined as: p=(k×(G−1−σ_(modulo Q))+└σ/Q┘)_(modulo G).
 24. A communications network comprising: a plurality of switch units arranged in a set of switch planes, each switch plane comprising a set of switch units interconnected in a full mesh; a plurality of sink nodes, each sink node connecting to a switch unit in said each switch plane; and a plurality of source nodes, each source node connecting to a specific switch unit in each switch plane, said specific switch unit selected so that: said each source node has one first-order path to each sink node among said plurality of sink nodes, said first-order path traversing one switch unit among said plurality of switch units; and said each source node has a number, equal to a number of said switch planes of said set of switch planes minus one, of second-order paths to said each sink node, said second-order path traversing two switch units.
 25. The communications network of claim 24 wherein a set of source nodes connecting to any switch unit is orthogonal to a set of switch units connecting to any other switch unit among said plurality of switch units.
 26. The communications network of claim 24 wherein: said plurality of source nodes contains S source nodes, S>2, indexed as 0 to (S−1); said plurality of switch planes contains Π switch planes, Π>1, indexed as 0 to (Π−1); said set of switch units contains G switch units, G>2, indexed as 0 to (G−1), G being a prime number; each switch unit connects to Q source nodes among said S source nodes, Q>1; and for a source node of index σ, 0≦σ<S, said specific switch unit in a switch plane of index p, 0≦p<Π, has an index k determined as: k=(p×(G−1−σ_(modulo Q))+└σ/Q┘)_(modulo G).
 27. A communications network comprising: a plurality of switch units arranged in a plurality of switch planes, each switch plane comprising: a set of switch units interconnected in a full mesh; and a switch-plane controller coupled to each switch unit in said set of switch units; a plurality of source nodes arranged into multiple source formations, each source formation comprising disjoint source sets; and a plurality of sink nodes arranged into one sink formation comprising disjoint sink sets; wherein: each source set in any source formation is orthogonal to each source set in each other source formation; source sets of each source formation connect to switch units of a same switch plane; each sink set connects to one switch unit in said each switch plane; each source node among said plurality of source nodes has a dedicated upstream time-limited control path to said switch-plane controller; and said switch-plane controller has dedicated downstream time-limited control paths to said plurality of sink nodes.
 28. The communications network of claim 27 wherein said switch-plane controller comprises: a plurality of scheduler units, each scheduler unit corresponding to a respective a distributor for cyclically transferring said schedules to respective sink nodes through said downstream time-limited control paths.
 29. The communications network of claim 28 wherein said switch-plane controller further comprises: a source memory device coupled to said each scheduler unit for storing occupancy-state data of respective inlets and respective outward ports of said respective switch unit during a time frame; a plurality of destination memory devices each storing occupancy-state data of all outlets of said each switch plane during a respective interval of said time frame; and a rotator cyclically connecting each scheduler to each said destination memory devices during a respective scheduling phase of a scheduling cycle.
 30. The communications network of claim 29 wherein said each scheduler unit is configured to identify at least one time slot of said respective interval during which a selected inlet among said respective inlets, a selected outward ports among said respective outward ports, and a selected outlet among said switch-plane outlets are unoccupied. 